The internal structure of cristals is studied by the use of
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Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure). ... Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on physical measurements of their geometry using a goniometer.
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Crystal structure analysis is thus based on the theories of symmetry (space groups) on the one hand and of interaction of radiation with solids (diffraction) on the other. The diffraction techniques, with the help of extensive computer calculations, lead to the atomic arrangements of crystalline materials.
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