The poor may not be able to take direct advantage from opportunities created by economic growth.
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Answer:
There is substantial variation around this average: in some cases the income share of the poor increases with economic growth; in other cases it decreases. In countries where inequality initially is high, the poor benefit less from growth. When incomes in the economy grow, indicators of nonincome poverty often improve.
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to send their children, including the girl
child, to schools in the hope of getting
better economic returns from investing
in education. However, the poor may not
be able to take direct advantage from the
opportunities created by economic
growth. Moreover, growth in the
agriculture sector is much below
expectations. This has a direct bearing
on poverty as a large number of poor
people live in villages and are dependent
on agriculture.
In these circumstances, there is a
clear need for targeted anti-poverty
programmes. Although there are so many
schemes which are formulated to affect
poverty directly or indirectly, some of
them are worth mentioning. Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, 2005 aims to provide 100
days of wage employment to every
household to ensure livelihood security
in rural areas. It also aimed at sustainable
development to address the cause of
draught, deforestration and soil erosion.
One-third of the proposed jobs have been
reserved for women. The scheme provided
employment to 220 crores person days of
employment to 4.78 crore households.
The share of SC, ST, Women person days
in the scheme are 23 per cent, 17 per
cent and 53 per cent respectively. The
average wage has increased from 65 in
2006–07 to 132 in 2013–14. Recently, in
March 2018, the wage rate for unskilled
manual workers has been revised, state
wise, the range of wage rate for different
states and union territories lies in
between ` 281 per day (for the workers in
Haryana) to ` 168 per day (for the workers
of Bihar and Jharkhand).
Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY)
is another scheme which was started in
1993. The aim of the programme is to
create self-employment opportunities
for educated unemployed youth in rural
areas and small towns. They are helped in
setting up small business and industries.
Rural Employment Generation Programme
(REGP) was launched in 1995. The aim of
the programme is to create selfemployment opportunities in rural areas
and small towns. A target for creating 25
lakh new jobs has been set for the
programme under the Tenth Five Year
plan. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (SGSY) was launched in 1999. The
programme aims at bringing the assisted
poor families above the poverty line by
organising them into self help groups
through a mix of bank credit and
government subsidy. Under the Pradhan
Mantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY)
launched in 2000, additional central
assistance is given to states for basic
services such as primary health, primary
education, rural shelter, rural drinking
water and rural electrification. Another
important scheme is Antyodaya Anna
Yozana (AAY) about which you will be
reading more in the next chapter.
The results of these programmes have
been mixed. One of the major reasons
for less effectiveness is the lack of proper
implementation and right targeting.
Moreover, there has been a lot of
overlapping of schemes. Despite good
intentions, the benefits of these schemes
are not fully reached to the deserving
poor. Therefore, the major emphasis in
recent years is on proper monitoring of
all the poverty alleviation programmes.