Question

the presence of hardly 10% of women in the Parliament shows that male dominated society still exist in a democratic country comment on the statement by highlighting the measures taken by the government for political representation​

Answer 1

Answer:

Women around the world at every socio-political level find themselves under-

represented in parliament and far removed from decision-making levels. As mentioned

in chapter 1, in 2005, women hold barely 16 percent of parliamentary seats around the

world. The factors that hamper or facilitate women’s political participation vary with

level of socio-economic development, geography, culture, and the type of political

system. Women themselves are not a homogeneous group; there are major differences

between them, based on class, race, ethnicity, cultural background and education.

The exclusion of women from decision-making bodies limits the possibilities for

entrenching the principles of democracy in a society, hindering economic development

and discouraging the attainment of gender equality. If men monopolize the political

process, passing laws which affect society at large, the decision-making process does

not always balance the interests of the male and female populations. As noted in the

Millennium Development Goals, women’s equal participation with men in power

and decision making is part of their fundamental right to participate in political life,

and at the core of gender equality and women’s empowerment.1

Women have to be

active participants in determining development agendas.

Women who want to enter politics find that the political.

Answer 2

Explanation:

Politically, there is not always agreement on whether it is strategically wise to introduce measures intended to guarantee, or simply to foster, women's having a matching—or even a minimum—presence alongside men in representative bodies. Legally, it is not always clear whether such measures are consistent with the constitutional framework of the legal system for which they are intended. Indeed, measures that aim to balance the presence of women and men in representative political bodies raise doubts as to their consistency with the principles underlying political representation within the state. The dominant model of representation is based on the notions of generality, unity, and equality—a model of representation that, in the words of the Spanish Constitutional Court, “presumes that the will of the representatives is the will of the constituency, by virtue of which the actions of representatives are attributed to voters as a whole, not just to those who voted for them or who form the majority.”1 This supposition requires that the vote of those represented, in effect, be free and equal. Consequently, as a precondition for the enactment of general laws, that is, equal laws, general representation requires the free and equal voting rights of those represented. Politics has thus been deemed the realm of formal equality, a terrain in which there is no room for affirmative action. Here, it is argued, affirmative action would go against the modern notion of political representation as unitary and general. It would undermine, moreover, the right of excluded male candidates to stand for elections. The autonomy of political parties, it is further claimed, would also be jeopardized