The process of administrative a test to obtain quantitative data is known as
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Quantitative Methods
Quantitative methods are useful in that they often take less time to administer than qualitative methods. They are also easier to evaluate and may produce clearer, more objective results.
Pre-existing Records
In the workplace, gathering data from pre-existing records usually takes the form of statistics that were previously collected for other purposes. These are easy to obtain and compare. Consider records on the following, which have all been linked to substance use:
Absenteeism (especially on Mondays, Fridays, and the days after holidays)
Comparative health care claim costs, including costs associated with emergency room use
Disciplinary actions
Garnishment
High rates of accidents—especially those resulting in serious injuries or deaths
Inventory loss—"shrinkage" attributable to theft or damage
Turnover—especially for specific kinds of jobs or workers
Workers’ compensation costs
Self-report Surveys
Self-report surveys can be used as assessment tools. Remember that surveys have to be correctly designed and administered to ensure an acceptable degree of objectivity. To assess the needs and strengths of your workplace, you might ask the following questions, which were adapted from a 1996 survey by Gallup and the Institute for a Drug-
Free Workplace:
Do you feel safe at work?
Have you ever personally seen or heard of any on-the-job, illicit drug use by your coworkers?
Does your employer have a policy regarding workplace drug use?
Do you think your workplace would benefit from a workplace drug policy and program?
Some researchers use alcohol-screening surveys. Two widely respected alcohol-screening tools are the World Health Organization’s Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the CAGE questionnaire, which was developed by researchers at the University of North Carolina.
Employees might underreport substance use out of fear of disciplinary action or job loss, despite assurances of confidentiality and anonymity. Studies on detecting alcoholism with the CAGE questionnaire and methods for assessing drug use prevalence in the workplace have raised concerns about the validity of self-reported drug and alcohol use.
Drug Testing
Chemical drug testing is a more objective approach for assessing whether there is a drug use problem in the workplace. For some workplaces, especially where there are significant safety or security issues, drug testing is required by law. For most workplaces, drug testing is optional. Testing can be done at different points in the employment process—for example, for job applicants or for those who are already employed. It can be done for specific groups such as safety-sensitive positions, or it can be done for all workers. Because costs are associated with conducting drug testing, you might choose not to use this method for assessment.