Question

The process that involves analyzing entities like tcp and icmp to identify an application or an operating system:

Answer 1

Fingerprinting  analyze entities like tcp and icmp to identify an application or an operating system

Explanation:

The system fingerprinting objective is to determine the version and type of the operating system.

There are two common system fingerprinting methods:

Active fingerprinting

Active fingerprinting, as it sounds, communicates '' actively'' by sending packets to the target machine. In an attempt to see what type of response is generated (or if no response is generated at all) the hacker transmits information to the target computer. Essentially, active fingerprinting challenges the target machine to see what's going on.  

Passive fingerprinting

Passive fingerprinting captures traffic sent from a system using a sniffer (such as Wireshark). To determine what the server is doing, it analyzes this traffic.