the question of law and order in urban areas is serious suggest measures
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Urban spaces are nodes of high population density. Diverse populations may live in close proximity to each other, at times contributing to inter-group and cross-class tensions. Housing and areas of commercial activity are often located near each other in vertical spaces with limited outside access. High population density places substantial demands on transportation corridors but also opens up the possibility of developing mass transit systems to quickly and efficiently move populations between different parts of the urban area.
Sceondly, cities are sites of substantial commerce and economic competition that contributes to greater economic and social opportunities as well as to crime and inter-group tensions.High density in population creates a market for the masses such as sporting events and cultural presentations, which are difficult tofit in within the non-urban areas. Since there is a high demand for common space in those places, urban areas often sets aside designated public areas, such as markets or parks for leisure activities and economic transactions.
Thirdly, urban environments contribute to different types of policing challenges. The high level of disparity present in urban milieu creates competition and could contribute to collective violence. Opportunities for different forms of crime dilute the class differences. Intensive commerce and trade can also contribute to crime and enhancing the problems in urban areas. The presence of banks and other sites for securing cash and valuables can lead to large and small-scale robberies.
Fourthly, cities are major centres of national political life and protests can turn into riots during difficult times. Urban areas can be contrasted to suburban and rural areas, which have considerably less density of population and generally a lower concentration of economic activity.
Fourthly, there are many other challenges facing the governments and police forces in big cities. The Government functionaries and police forces in these cities are less familiar with and have less access to the majority of the population and the urban areas as compared to the police forces in the developed nations. The resulting provision of informal services substantially transforms the system of governance from that which is expected in cities.
Fifthly, the megacities pose specific challenges for governance and policing. At one level, the local administrations often have limited knowledge about the extent of a particular urban structure. In some cases, there are no comprehensive street maps and it becomes cumbersome to actually draw such maps or for the city to acquire a thorough knowledge of the urban terrain. Many of the megacities comprise a series of municipalities and suburban areas that have grown into one large urban zone. This can create substantial difficulties in creating solutions for the whole region since the area will comprise several local governments, perhaps with divergent political directions and different needs and resource levels. Despite such differences, the areas may share related security challenges but be unable to work together to solve them.
Finally, these cities may face unconstrained growth and expansion, which would overstretch their ability to cope with geographic, structural and geological challenges.The result can be an accumulation of excessive waste or such a high demand for housing or transport. In such situation, planners and police may appear to face insurmountable obstacles in delivering security and other basic services.
Building links between police and other government institutions is critical to developing new and innovative strategies of crime control. Such links are needed to incorporate security concerns into wider governance efforts. They also enable police and government officials to build effective relationships with the population in order to better guarantee security and ensure both order and respect for the rights of citizens.
The list below includes some of the main challenges of law and order in cities:
• Order maintained by informal local structures
• Conflict over resources
• Illegal provision of basic urban services
44
• Informalisation of city spaces and services
• High levels of absolute deprivation
• High levels of tension between wealthy and poor
• Police are targets of terrorism and political violence
Sceondly, cities are sites of substantial commerce and economic competition that contributes to greater economic and social opportunities as well as to crime and inter-group tensions.High density in population creates a market for the masses such as sporting events and cultural presentations, which are difficult tofit in within the non-urban areas. Since there is a high demand for common space in those places, urban areas often sets aside designated public areas, such as markets or parks for leisure activities and economic transactions.
Thirdly, urban environments contribute to different types of policing challenges. The high level of disparity present in urban milieu creates competition and could contribute to collective violence. Opportunities for different forms of crime dilute the class differences. Intensive commerce and trade can also contribute to crime and enhancing the problems in urban areas. The presence of banks and other sites for securing cash and valuables can lead to large and small-scale robberies.
Fourthly, cities are major centres of national political life and protests can turn into riots during difficult times. Urban areas can be contrasted to suburban and rural areas, which have considerably less density of population and generally a lower concentration of economic activity.
Fourthly, there are many other challenges facing the governments and police forces in big cities. The Government functionaries and police forces in these cities are less familiar with and have less access to the majority of the population and the urban areas as compared to the police forces in the developed nations. The resulting provision of informal services substantially transforms the system of governance from that which is expected in cities.
Fifthly, the megacities pose specific challenges for governance and policing. At one level, the local administrations often have limited knowledge about the extent of a particular urban structure. In some cases, there are no comprehensive street maps and it becomes cumbersome to actually draw such maps or for the city to acquire a thorough knowledge of the urban terrain. Many of the megacities comprise a series of municipalities and suburban areas that have grown into one large urban zone. This can create substantial difficulties in creating solutions for the whole region since the area will comprise several local governments, perhaps with divergent political directions and different needs and resource levels. Despite such differences, the areas may share related security challenges but be unable to work together to solve them.
Finally, these cities may face unconstrained growth and expansion, which would overstretch their ability to cope with geographic, structural and geological challenges.The result can be an accumulation of excessive waste or such a high demand for housing or transport. In such situation, planners and police may appear to face insurmountable obstacles in delivering security and other basic services.
Building links between police and other government institutions is critical to developing new and innovative strategies of crime control. Such links are needed to incorporate security concerns into wider governance efforts. They also enable police and government officials to build effective relationships with the population in order to better guarantee security and ensure both order and respect for the rights of citizens.
The list below includes some of the main challenges of law and order in cities:
• Order maintained by informal local structures
• Conflict over resources
• Illegal provision of basic urban services
44
• Informalisation of city spaces and services
• High levels of absolute deprivation
• High levels of tension between wealthy and poor
• Police are targets of terrorism and political violence
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Urbanization is pervasive and recent phenomenon. In present global atmosphere, all nations undergo with the challenges of environment, social, transportation, economy in their respective cities. These issues are commonly occurred in developing countries due to the difference of development in cities and villages (Latif Fauzi, 2007). Most of countries focus on development of cities instead of rural areas. Consequently, the urban areas are equipped with infrastructure, public facilities as well as provide employment opportunities compared to the rural areas. Therefore inhabitants are more attracted to migrate in cities to avail hi tech facilities, enhance their lifestyles and ultimately these activities raise numerous urbanization issues. Cities have major role to enhance economic growth and prosperity. The sustainable development of cities largely depends upon their physical, social and institutional infrastructure. An urban area is spatial concentration of people who are working in non-agricultural activities. The essential characteristic is that urban means non-agricultural. Urban can also be explained as a fairly multifaceted concept. Criteria used to define urban can include population size, space, density, and economic organization. Typically, urban is simply defined by some base line size, like 20 000 people (Long 1998).
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