the role of women the development process
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The World Bank’s early Women in Development programme tended to treat women as a special target group of beneficiaries in the various projects and programmes. However, “a major criticism of the Women in Development approach is that it treats women as beneficiaries. It starts from the premise that women have been excluded from development. But women’s time, energy, work and skills are involved in every aspect of the development process; it is the inequality of gender relations and the continuing subordination of women that ensure that women’s contribution is not matched by recognition and remuneration in social, political and economic terms”.
The problem with the women in development approach is that it targets women in order to make them a part of mainstream development while ignoring the fact that women are already an intrinsic part of the development process. Women are always there. The understanding of women’s ‘free labour’ is that there is no need to compensate it, and subsequently there is no cost in terms of resources allocated.
The ‘real’ picture, however, is that female domestic labour provides a critical and necessary support enabling the male workforce and society to function. Women’s role in society is a combination of productive and reproductive role. Women’s productive role includes all tasks that enhance the income and economy of the household and the community, e.g. crop and livestock production, handicrafts production, marketing and wage employment.
Reproductive activities are those carried out to reproduce and care for the household and community, including the activities involved in fuel and water collection, food preparation, child care, education, health care and home maintenance. These activities tend to be viewed as non-economic, generally carrying no monetary compensation and are usually out of the budgets of the national income accounts. Women’s role in society in reality is life-sustaining. According to Sen and Crown, “in every society…. women’s daily
invisible efforts to feed, clothe and nurture their families are the actions that sustain their communities”. This reality of social reproduction derives from a sexual division of labour that is tied to gender division and male dominance.
While sex is a physical distinction, gender is social and cultural. Moghadam finds that the division of labour between men and women is a matter of gender roles and not sex roles determined by culture rather than by sex and the key to understanding the division of labour patterns is in the culture rather than in human physiology or anatomy. Moreover, culture is not a constant but a variable with the extent of its impact depending on factors like the depth and scope of development, state policy, the class and social structure.
While a woman in development refers to the current situation of people, it tends to demarcate “women” as a separate practice area. The frame of “Women in Development” (WID), has been supplanted by that of “Gender and Development” (GAD), since the late 1980s. The latter broadens the scope of intervention to include systemic relations of inequality involving the relations between both men and women, together with a critical look at the entire development perspective, process and the underlying assumptions. The gender and development approach to policy framework includes modalities of reflecting ways in which men and women relations constrain or advance efforts to boost growth.
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Answer:
Given below is the role
Explanation:
In the early stages of the World Bank's Women in Development programme, women were frequently treated as an unique target audience for the many projects and initiatives. However, "the Women in Development model is criticised heavily for treating women as beneficiaries. It assumes that women have been excluded from development from the first. However, women's time, effort, labour, and abilities are involved in every stage of progress; it is gender relations disparity and women's continued subordination that prevent their contributions from being matched by acknowledgment and compensation in social, political, and economic terms.
The women in development method has the drawback of focusing on women in an effort to integrate them into the mainstream of development, even while neglecting the fact that women already play an integral role in the process of development. There are always women. The idea behind women's "free labour" is that since there is no need to pay for it, there is also no resource allocation cost.
The "actual" picture, however, is that women's domestic work plays a crucial and essential role in society's and the male workforce's ability to function. In society, women play both reproductive and productive roles. The productive role of women encompasses any activities that increase home and community revenue and economies, such as raising crops and cattle, making crafts, marketing, and working for pay.
Activities that are carried out to reproduce and provide for the needs of the home and community are referred to as reproductive activities.
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