Question

The strategy of importance substitution for industrialization was adopted duration

Answer 1

(i) Hazard mapping:

Maps of storage locations of toxins or hazardous substances along with the possible characteristics should be displayed and known to all. The community staying in immediate vicinity should be aware of this hazard and its possible effects in case an accident occurs. The nature of accident can be in the form of fire, explosion, spillage, gas leakage, etc. An evacuation route in case of an emergency should be marked on the map.

(ii) Land-use planning:

Densely populated residential areas should be located at a distance from the industrial areas. A buffer zone (green belt) should separate the industrial and the residential zones. Better planning is required to handle the waste that is generated, so that the environment is not affected. There should be better planning of safe disposal methods.

(iii) Community preparedness:

The community should be aware of the hazardous installations and should know how to combat a situation. The local community has to be informed about the response steps to be taken in case of an accident.

Answer 2

Answer:

Import substitution industrialization (ISI) was pursued mainly from the 1930s through the 1960s in Latin America—particularly in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico—and in some parts of Asia and Africa. In theory, ISI was expected to incorporate three main stages: (1) domestic production of previously imported simple nondurable consumer goods, (2) the extension of domestic production to a wider range of consumer durables and more-complex manufactured products, and (3) the export of manufactured goods and continued industrial diversification.