The sugar-phosphate form the backbone of dna helix and is the outside, interconnected by the complementary base pairs like rungs of a ladder. X-ray diffraction patterns of dna show that there are approximately 10 bases per turn in dna. The asymmetrical spacing of the sugar-phosphate backbones generates major grooves (where the backbone is far apart) and minor grooves (where the backbone is close together). Proteins use these grooves to bind to dna, either to alter the structure of dna, or replication, or regulate transcription of dna into rna.
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