the three regions of Telangana Andhra Pradesh
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... resistances to it, at the same time that it represents an exemplary case of the neoliberal project. Located in the southwestern part of India, Andhra Pradesh (AP) has a population of 76 million, with an estimated 7.6 million people residing in the metropolitan region of Hyderabad (the city and its suburbs). In the post-independence period, AP was the first state to be reorganized along linguistic lines, a policy that was subsequently adopted for other regions of the country. Though the language of the majority of the residents of the new state is Telugu, the three regions that were integrated were and remain remarkably distinct in their linguistic styles and cultures, social demographics and economic development, differences that remain a source of tension and conflict. The three regions that were cobbled together to form the state of AP are: coastal Andhra in the eastern part of the state bordering the Bay of Bengal and part of the British Madras Presidency, Telangana to the northwest houses the state capital of Hyderabad and was part of the princely state of the Nizam, a Muslim ruler, and Rayalseema to the south was divided between the princely state of Mysore and Madras Presidency. In addition to distinct colonial legacies, the regions differ in their social composition of caste, tribal and religious groups. Coastal Andhra has a higher proportion of middle caste groups (also known as intermediate castes) who traditionally are peasant landowners, while the Telangana region has a significant representation of tribal groups (many of which are nomadic) and Other Backward Castes (OBCs) who are marginal farmers and landless laborers. Moreover, Hyderabad has a Muslim population of 41% but their representation in the economy and the state apparatus remains marginal. Telangana is also a more drought-prone region with poorly developed irrigation systems and water shortage while coastal Andhra is lush and green with well- developed irrigation channels. The resource disparities are not an act of nature considering that Telangana has two major rivers, the Krishna and the Godavari, that flow from the west to the east towards coastal Andhra (in addition to several smaller rivers). While more than 70% of the catchment areas of these rivers are in Telangana, the construction of dams and canals has resulted in diversion of waters to coastal Andhra. This is one indicator of the political influence that peasant landowning middle castes of coastal Andhra 5 have historically been able to exercise vis- `-vis the state in terms of securing development investment and infrastructure for their region. 6 Coastal Andhra ranks significantly higher than Telangana and Rayalseema on socio-economic indicators. Nine of the ten districts of Telangana are identified as ‘ Backward ’ by the Indian government. The exception is Hyderabad district in which the capital city of Hyderabad is located (see Figure 1 for a map of the three distinct regions of AP). The Commission set up by the Indian government in 1955 to examine the formation of AP recognized the potential for deepening inequalities between Telangana and coastal Andhra and foresaw a disastrous future for Telangana in the new state reorganization. To quote from their ...
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