The water solubility of dyes can be increased by introducing
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They contain sulphonic acid groups, which are usually present as sodium sulphonate salts. These increase solubility in water, and give the dye molecules a negative charge. ... As well as this, Van-der-Waals bonds, dipolar bonds and hydrogen bonds are formed between dye and fibre2.
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The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light. Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble.
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