the World Wide Web
for delivering multimedia.
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A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing—no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from it. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
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The Web and Multimedia are perhaps the two most common 'buzz words' of the moment. Although the Web can be reasonable easily defined and delimited, multimedia is much harder to pin down. A common definition is the use of two or more different media. This would make a video tape or television multimedia, which most people would agree they are not. What they lack is interactivity.
The World Wide Web was originally designed to allow physicists to share largely text-based information across the network. The first versions of HTML, the native markup language for documents on the Web, had little support for multimedia, in fact the original proposal said
'The project will not aim... to do research into fancy multimedia facilities such as sound and video'.
However, as multimedia became more readily available on computers, so the demand to make it accessible over the Web increased.
One of the main problems with multimedia delivery over the Web, or any network, is bandwidth. While most people would consider a single speed CD-ROM too slow for multimedia delivery, it can still deliver data about 40 times faster than a 28.8 modem, or about 9 times faster than an ISDN dual connection. The second problem is synchronization of various media, an issue which is now being addressed by the WWW consortium.
Text
Text is often neglected when considering multimedia, but is a very important component, as most information is still conveyed as some form of text. The best way to present simple text over the Web is using HTML, the native language of the Web. It should be remembered that HTML is a structural markup language, i.e. the tags, such as Heading, Paragraph, define the structure of the document, not the style. How the HTML document appears to the reader will depend on how their browser interprets these tags.
Cascading Style Sheets
To give authors more control over how their documents appear, without losing device independence or adding new tags, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) were developed. These allow attributes such as text colour, margins, font styles and sizes to be specified. For example, different fonts can be specified for headings and paragraphs. They also allow exact positioning of the content by specifying x and y coordinates, and supports a z-index, allowing items to overlap. Style sheets can be embedded within the document or linked as an external file.
Page Description Languages
Where the actual layout of a document is essential, it may be more practical to use a page description language such as Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF). These are not really text formats, as they also store graphics, fonts and layout information.
Although not designed with the Web in mind, Adobe's PDF and similar products, such as Common Ground's Digital Paper (DP), have been adapted for Web publishing. For example, they can contain hyperlinks, linking not only within the document, but also external links using standard URLs. Support is also provided for 'page at a time' downloading over the Web and files can be viewed using integrated viewers for Netscape and Internet Explorer.
Graphics
A survey of the most common file types delivered via the Web revealed GIF and animated GIFs were the most popular, with HTML files in second place and JPEG files in third. This shows how important images have become.
GIF stands for Graphic Interchange Format, and was developed by CompuServe to be a device-independent format. It can only store 8bits/pixel, i.e. 256 colours, and so does best on images with few colours. Although the compression technique used is lossless, it is less suitable for photo-realistic images where the loss of colour may result in visible degradation.
Animated GIFs are simply a series of GIF images stored within a single file and played back sequentially creating an animation sequence.
The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format is a newer, lossless, format developed in the wake of patent problems with compression method used by GIF. It offers a number of advantages over GIF:
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