theorem of refractive momentum
Answers
Explanation:
It is shown that neither Minkowski's result, according to which the ratio of momentum to energy for a light wave in a medium of refractive index n is n/c, nor that of Abraham, who found 1/nc, is correct. For a broad wave in a uniform medium, the correct answer is given by (2.12) with σ =1/5. For weak refraction it is approximately equal to the average of the Abraham and Minkowski results. Abraham's formula gives correctly the part of the momentum which resides in the electromagnetic field, but not the mechanical momentum of the medium which travels with the light pulse..
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Refractive index is defined as n = c/v ,
where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the phase velocity of light in the medium.
For example, the refractive index of water is 1.333, meaning that light travels 1.333 times slower in water than in a vacuum. Increasing the refractive index corresponds to decreasing the speed of light in the material.
The concept of refractive index applies within the full electromagnetic spectrum, from X-rays to radio waves. It can also be applied to wave phenomena such as sound. In this case, the speed of sound is used instead of that of light, and a reference medium other than vacuum must be chosen.
In eye glasses, a lens with a high refractive index will be lighter and will have thinner edges than its conventional "low" index counterpart. Such lenses are generally more expensive to manufacture than conventional ones.
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