Question

thermodynamics notes class 11

Answer 1

The branch of science which deals with the
quantitative relationship between heat and other
forms of energies is called thermodynamics.
Some Important Terms Related to
Thermodynamics
(i) System It refers to the part of universe in which
observations are carried out.
(ii) Surroundings The part of universe other than
the system is known as surroundings.
(ill) Boundary The wall that separates the system
from the surroundings is called boundary.
(iv) Thermodynamic equilibrium A system in which
the macroscopic properties do not undergo any
change with time is called thermodynamic
equilibrium.
(v) Thermal equilibrium If there is no flow of heat
from one portion of the system to another, the
system is said to be in thermal equilibrium.
(vi) Mechanical equilibrium If no mechanical work
is done by one part of the system on another part
of the system. it is said to be in mechanical
equilibrium. Such a condition exists when
pressure remains constant. (i) Open system The system in which energy and
matter both can be exchanged with the
surroundings.
(ii) Closed system The system in which only
energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
(iii) Isolated system The system in which neither
energy nor matter can be exchanged with the
surroundings.
Thermodynamics Properties
1. Intensive Properties
Properties of the system which depend only on
the nature of matter but not on the quantity of
matter are called Intensive properties,
e.g., pressure, temperature, specific heat, etc
2. Extensive Properties
Properties of the system which are dependent on
the quantity of matter are called extensive
properties, e.g., internal energy, volume, enthalpy,
etc.
State of System
When microscopic properties have definite value,
the conditions of existence of the system is
known as state of system.
State functions When values of a system is
independent of path followed and depend only on
initial and final state, it is known as state
function,e.g., Δ U, Δ H, Δ G etc.
Path functions These depend upon the path
followed, e.g., work, heat, etc.
Thermodynamic Process
It is the operation which brings change in the
state of the system.
Thermodynamic processes are
(i) Isothermal process In which temperature
remains constant, i.e., (dT = 0, Δ U = 0).
(ii) Isochoric process In which volume remains
constant, i.e., (Δ V = 0).
(iii) Isobaric process In which pressure remains
constant, i.e., (Δp = 0).
(iv) Adiabatic process In which heat is not
exchanged by system with the surroundings, i.e.,
(Δq = 0).
(v) Cyclic process It is a process in which system
returns to its original state after undergoing a
series of change, i.e., Δ U = 0; Δ H
= 0
(vi) Reversible process A process that follows the
reversible path, i.e., the process which occurs in
infinite number of steps in this Way that the
equilibrium conditions are maintained at each
step, and the process can be reversed by
infinitesimal change in the state of functions.
(vii) Irreversible process The process which
cannot be reversed and amount of energy
increases. All natural processes are Irreversible

Answer 2

Explanation:

Short notes on thermodynamics class 11 physics