This activity should be done on a graph paper,can you help me,please.
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The years between the seventh and thirteenth centuries are the period in history when culture and learning flourished in North Africa, throughout Asia, on the western coastal area of Europe, (Spain, Portugal, Italy and France), and on the island strongholds along the western and southeastern coasts of Europe (Gibralter, Rhodes, Sicily, Crete, and Cyprus).[1] When we set aside the vagaries of politics, intrigue, mistrust and suspicion which have plagued man’s history, we find that the Arab World continued to spin out the thread of earliest recorded civilization, enhance and develop the arts and sciences, and preserve the libraries of the early centuries of Greek, Roman and Byzantine culture. Indeed, during the Dark Ages of Europe, much learning was preserved for the world through the Arab libraries in the universities of Morocco, Nigeria, Egypt (Fez, Timbuktu, and Al-Azhar). From this period of Arab influence, new words such as orange, sugar, coffee, sofa, satin, and algebra filtered into the language of Europe and eventually into our own. New discoveries were made in the sciences and arts which improved the lives and condition of man.
Mathematics
In mathematics, the Arab cipher, or zero, made workable the solution of complicated mathematical problems. The Arab numeral, an improvement on the original Hindu invention, and the Arab decimal system made simpler and more flexible the course of science.[2]
The Arabs invented and developed Algebra and made revolutionary strides in trigonometry. Al-Khwarizmi, credited with the invention of Algebra, was inspired by the need to find a more accurate and comprehensive method to assure the precise divisions of land so that the Koran could be specifically obeyed in the laws of inheritance. The Astrolabe, combining the use of mathematics, geography and astronomy was also devised with religion in view, and was used to chart exactly the time of sunrise and sunset, to determine the time for fasting during the month of Ramadan. The writings of Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa and Master Jacob of Florence show the Arab influence on mathematical studies in European universities
The reformation of the calendar, with a margin of error of only one day in five thousand years was also a contribution of the Arab intellect. Indeed, in our every day commerce, whether it is in yard goods, lumber, or ingots of gold and silver, we use the weights and measures by which the Arabs of the past conducted the business of their every day life.
Astronomy
Beside the improvement of the ancient Astrolabe, the Arab astronomers of the Middle Ages compiled astronomical charts and tables, in observatories such as those at Palmyra and Maragha. Gradually, they were able to deter-mine the length of a degree, to establish longitude and latitude, and to investigate the relative speeds of sound and light. Al-Biruni, considered one of the greatest scientists of all time discussed the possibility of the earth’s rotation on its own axis, a theory proven by Galileo six hundred years later. Arab astronomers such as Al Fezari, Al-Farghani, and Al-Zarqali added to the works of Ptolemy and the classic pioneers, in the development of the magnetic compass and the charting of the Zodiac.