three causes of peasont revolt in assam
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First Peasant Movement of Assam
(Police firing this October in Mangaldoi, Assam, on jute farmers demonstrating for remunerative prices, claimed four lives – of farmers Moinul Haque, Syed Ali, Billal Hussain and Akbar Ali. Earlier this year, in June, police firing on a rally protesting eviction in the state capital Guwahati, claimed four lives. In the backdrop of these instances of repression on peasants’ movements, Bidyum Medhi recalls the legacy of Assam’s first peasant movement on its 150th anniversary.)
18th October 1961 is a day of inspiration for the peasant class of Assam, marking the beginning of the first organised peasants’ movement in Assam. This movement seems all the more relevant even 150 years later, in the present scenario of deprivation and repression of the peasantry by ruling sections.
With the imperialist intention to grab as much profit as possible, the British administration introduced a rigorous taxation policy from the beginning of their rule in Assam. Along with the land revenue under Ryotwari System, the British also introduced many oppressive taxation measures like grazing tax, tax on cutting grass and trees in jungles. From opium, bamboo, woods to jungle and water, there was no item of regular use that was spared from taxation. The amount and forms of revenue collection was so high as well as diverse that soon the people became restless.
As news of betel nut taxation reached the people of Nowgaon district, the situation became tense. In Phulaguri village, on 17th September 1861, around thousand ryots took their grievance to the District Commissioner, who instead of listening, fined and detained them for a day. After this incident, the peasants decided not to pay the tax and from 15th October onwards a five days Raaiz-Mel (Mass Meetings) was called for greater mobilisation. The participation was so large that on 18th October, the British administration had to send a senior officer J.B. Singer to control the situation. However the tactic of lathi charge and firing to disperse the crowd made the situation volatile and the peasants attacked and killed Lieutenant Singer.
The Phulaguri uprising – the Phulaguri Dhawa - shook the British administration in Assam for the first time. To control it they killed 39 peasants and hanged many of the leaders. This first peasant movement of Assam inspired many more movements by the peasants against British administration.
For the past few decades the people, mostly the peasantry of Assam as well as of all other states of North East India, like their counterparts in the rest of the country, are voicing protests against the displacement due to construction of big dams, Special Economic Zones, real estate business etc. Many incidents of low payments to the peasants have also come into light; the recent incident of police firing and killing of farmers of Darrang district when they protested against the low payment by the middlemen shows the nexus of the State administration and the business mafia to suppress the farmers’ legitimate demands.
The peasants movement continues its resistance in Assam – and hence the glory of Phulaguri Dhawa shall not fade. It will remain a source of inspiration for the struggling peasants throughout the country.
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The grievances of the general masses and lower class people against the British colonial rule were expressed in the Indian subcontinent for the first time in the form of a revolt in 1857. Though historians often call the revolt of 1857 a Sepoy Mutiny or the first struggle of Indians against the British, yet we may say that the foundation stone of this struggle was laid by some of the popular resistance movements pursued by various tribal and peasants groups. They raised their voices against a system which discriminated against them. Peasants and tribals had their own reason to rise together against the colonial rule. To be very honest they were exploited by both the colonial Government and the landlords i.e. Zamindars. Due to the growing demand of land revenue the peasants became poor and were compelled to take loans, as well as to sell of their lands to the landlords. Loss of their lands led them to such an impoverished state that they stood up against the British. On the other hand the tribal resistance against British rule also had some valid cause. After occupying the native land of the tribals, the British administration declared tribal chiefs as Zamindars and not as their kings. Moreover they abolished old taxation and revenue system of the tribals which was a grave concern for the tribals, prompting them to raise slogan against the British rule. Due to the new administrative system introduced by the British government the tribal people start to lose their lands and were reduced to the position of agricultural labourer as well as rack-vented tenants on the land they cultivated. Thus a wave of resentment grew up against the British among the tribal people. Emergence of money lenders, traders, contractors and the protection given to them by the colonial rule was always a matter of conflict between tribals and the British. Tightening of control by the British over forest zones for revenue purposes, religious activities of the Christian Missionaries in their areas, British efforts to suppress certain tribal traditions and practices viz., like human sacrifices etc and British efforts to recruit unpaid tribal labour for menial work are some of the major causes of tribal movements in British India.
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