Three Institution : mandal commission process
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The Mandal Commission, or the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai [1] with a mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward classes" of India.[2] It was headed by the late B.P. Mandal an Indian parliamentarian, to consider the question of reservations for people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators to determine backwardness. In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs ("Other backward classes") identified on the basis of caste, economic and social indicators comprised 52% of India's population, the Commission's report recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49%.[3][1]
Though the report had been completed in 1983, the V.P. Singh government declared its intent to implement the report in August 1990, leading to widespread student protests.[4] The Indian public at large was not informed of the important details of the report, namely that it applied only to the 5% jobs that existed in the public sector, and that the report considered 55% of India's population as belonging to other backward classes due to their poor economic and socio cultural background.[5] Opposition political parties, including the Congress and BJP and their youth wings (which were active in all universities and colleges) and groups of self interest were able to instigate the youth to protest in large numbers in the nation's campuses, resulting in self immolations by students.[6]
It was thereafter provided a temporary stay order by the Supreme court, but implemented in 1992 in the central government for jobs in central government public sector undertakings.[7]
Even before the Mandal Commission, some Indian states already had high reservations for economically low income people, namely OBCs (other backward classes). For example, in 1980, the state of Karnataka [8] had reserved 48% for socially and educationally backward classes (including SC, ST and OBCs), with a further 18% reserved for other weaker sections.