three salient features of monogenea, trematoda and cystoda?
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Explanation:
Monogenea are in the order Platyhelminthes. They are not trematodes but may incorrectly be referred to as “monogenean trematodes,” even by pathologists who know better. Monogenea are characterized by the opisthaptor, the posterior holdfast organ. Monogenea consists of two groups, monopisthocotyleans and polyopisthocotyleans. Most, but not all, of the important monogenean parasites of captive held species are monopisthocotyleans, with dactylogyrids, gyrodactylids, and capsalids most frequently implicated in severe disease. Pathogenesis is considered related to irritation and tissue damage associated with opisthaptor hooks, as well as loss of epithelium due to consumption by the parasite. Gyrodactylids infect both fresh and marine species, dactylogyrids occur in freshwater species, and capsalids are seen in marine species (Buchmann and Bresciani, 2006; Noga, 2010). Cutaneous and branchial infestations are common with few species infecting mucosal surfaces of internal organs, such as esophagus and urinary tract. Capsalids and gyrodactylids commonly colonize epithelium of the body and fins and sometimes the cornea; dactylogyrids and some gyrodactylids are found on gill. Some, especially capsalids, readily infect a variety of host species while others exhibit high host fidelity (Buchmann and Bresciani, 2006). Examples of important parasite-host pairs include Dawestrema cycloancistrium in Arapaima, Gyrodactylus salaris in Atlantic salmon, and Benedenia and Neobenedenia spp.in a large variety of marine species. While monogenean infections of importance can occur in free living fish (e.g., G. salaris in salmon), significant infections most commonly occur in captive held fish.
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