Question

timeline that will show the events in West Asia from the time of the Ottoman Empire in 1299 until the enforcement of the Mandate System in 1919.

Answer 1

Answer:The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire's citizens to modernize the state's institutions and dissolve inter-communal tensions.[1]

Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. Despite Ottoman military reforms, the Ottoman Army met with disastrous defeat in the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) and the Balkan Wars (1912–1913), resulting in the Ottomans being driven out of North Africa and nearly out of Europe. Continuous unrest leading up to World War I was caused by the Ottoman counter-coup of 1909, which preceded the 31 March Incident (Restoration, 1909) and 1912 Ottoman coup d'état (Saviours) and the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état in the Empire. The Ottoman participation in World War I in the Middle Eastern theatre ended with the partition of the Ottoman Empire's remaining territories under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. This treaty, as designed in the conference of London, allocated nominal land to the Ottomans and permitted them the title Ottoman Caliphate (similar to the Vatican, a sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Catholic Pope), leaving them weak enough not to be a further threat but just powerful enough to protect Britain from the Khilafat Movement.

The occupation of Constantinople (Istanbul) along with the occupation of Smyrna (Izmir) mobilized the Turkish national movement which ultimately won the Turkish War of Independence. The formal abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate was performed by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 1 November 1922. The Sultan was declared persona non grata from the lands that the Ottoman Dynasty ruled since 1299.

Explanation: