Question

To collect information about making of Indian constitution​

Answer 1

The Constitution of India was not prepared in haste but the process of the evolution of the constitution began many decades before India became independent in 1947.

The process continued unabated since it origi­nated in the freedom struggle till a new constitution was drafted after prolonged debates and discussions in the Constituent Assembly.

The day 26th of January, 1950 was a red-letter day in the history of India. On that day the written constitution of India came into operation.

January 26th was purposefully chosen (as the date on which the constitution became operative) because since 1930, the day has been celebrated as the day of complete independence throughout India by millions of people. It is very befitting to declare such a historic day as the day of operation of the Constitution of Republic of India. The Constitution of India was the longest written consti­tution having the best elements of all the existing constitutions up to that date.

The Constitution of India is the modern sacred text of the contemporary India. It reflects the new aspirations and values of the people of India and testifies how the people of India are the supreme masters in all matters concerning the welfare of Indians.

A galaxy of learned wise men interested in the longevity of the emerging nation of India framed the constitution in its present form after a thorough debate and discussion of each proposal. The nationalists consciously, popularized the concepts of parlia­mentary democracy, republicanism, civil liberties, social and economic justice which happen to be the most basic tenets of the constitution.

Bipan Chandra rightly remarks, “When the constitution in 1950 adopted a parliamentary form of government, with a cabinet led by a prime minister it was not, as is commonly supposed, the British parliament that it was emulating. It was formalizing nationalist practices, which the people were already familiar with”. Even the spirit of democracy was familiarized by the national movement. Bipan Chandra correctly points out, “this found expression in widespread mass partic­ipation. It ensured a place for adult franchise after independence”.

A view is in circulation that the British initiated a modern responsible constitutional government in India and the constitution was merely the culmi­nation of the series of constitutional initiatives made by them in 1861, 1892, 1909, 1919 and 1935. This view is not totally correct as the British government conceded reluctantly and belatedly only partially the demands of the leaders of the national movement and tried to reduce the intensity of the movement as a last resort from time to time.

Gandhi’s statement made in 1922 proves “Swaraj will not be a free gift of the British Parliament. It will be a declaration of India’s full self-expression. That it will be expressed through an act of Parliament is true. Swaraj can never be a free gift by one nation to another. It is a treasure to be purchased with a nation’s best blood. It will cease to be a gift when we have paid clearly for it”.

This statement of Gandhi clearly proves beyond doubt that the British did introduce constitutional reforms by their voluntary initiative is a myth. No doubt, the British introduced the principle of election in the 1892 Indian Council Act in partial response to a sustained struggle by the press and the Indian nationalists for more than two decades and while the nationalists demanded elections to the councils and elected majorities and greater powers to the non-official members, the British by the Act of 1892 provided for election principle but limited it to minority only.

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