To determine transition temperature of mncl2 by thermometric method
Answers
Explanation:
Molecular Orbital Theory. Postulates of MO theory. LCAO approximation. Formation of
bonding and antibonding MOs. Rules for LCAO. MO energy level diagram. Concept of bond
order. MO structure of homonuclear diatomic molecules of namely He2, H2, N2 and O2.
Stability sequence of species of O2 i.e. O2, O2+, O2 2+, O2- and O22-. Paramagnetic nature
of O2. MO structure ofheteronuclear diatomic molecules viz. NO, HF and CO (Coulson’s
structure). Explanation of important properties of CO viz. – triple bond, almost nonpolar
nature, electron donor and acceptor behaviour. Comparison of VB and MO theories. [6]
B] Metallic Bonding:
Free electron theory and properties of metals such as electrical and thermal conduction,
malleability, ductility and metallic lusture. VB theory or Resonance theory of metals. Band
theory to explain nature of conductors, insulators and semiconductors (both intrinsic and
extrinsic). [3]
C] VSEPR Theory:
Various rules under VSEPR theory to explain molecular geometry (following examples may
be taken to explain various rules- BeCl2, BF3, CH4 , NH4+ , PCl5 , SF6, IF7, SnCl2 , NH3,
H2O, SF4, ClF3, BrF5, XeF6, SOF4, COF2, PCl3, ). Limitations of VSEPR theory. [5]
Unit II - Theory of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis 14L
A] Volumetric Analysis:
(a) Introduction:-Volumetric analysis, titrant, titrate, end point, equivalence point, indicator
etc. Requirements of volumetric analysis. Definition of standard solution, primary standard
substance. Requirements of primary standard substance. Terms to express concentrations
namely- molarity, normality, molality, mole fraction and percentage. (Simple numericals
expected).
(b) Acid-Base titrations:- Types of acid base titrations. Ph variations during acid base
titration. Acid base indicators. Modern theory (Quinoniod theory) of acid base indicators.
Choice of
suitable indicators for different acid base titrations.
(c) Redox Titrations:-General principles involved in redox titrations (redox reactions, redox
potentials, oxidant, reductant, oxidation number). Brief idea about use of KMnO4,
K2Cr2O7as oxidants in acidic medium in redox titrations. Use of I2 in iodometry
and iodimetry. Redox indicators-external and internal indicators. Use of starch as an
indicator. Iodometric estimation of Cu (II). [8]
B] Gravimetric Analysis:
Definition. Theoretical principles underlying various steps involved in gravimetric analysis
with reference to estimation of barium as barium sulphate. Coprecipitation and post
precipitation. (Definition, types and factors affecting). [6]
Unit III 14L
A] Aldehydes and Ketones:
Preparation of acetaldehyde from ethanol, ethylidene chloride and acetylene. Preparation of
benzaldehyde from benzene (Gattermann-Koch reaction) and toluene. Preparation of acetone
from isopropyl alcohol, isopropylidene chloride and propyne.Preparation of acetophenone
from benzene and ethyl benzene. Structure of carbonyl group, acidity of á-hydrogen in
carbonyl compounds. Reactions of aldehydes &/or ketones: Cannizaro’s,
Answer:
Additionally, take necessary safety precautions while handling the heating mantle, hot plate, and other equipment to avoid accidents or injuries.
Explanation:
To determine the transition temperature of MnCl2 by the thermometric method, you will need the following equipment:
MnCl2 sample
Thermocouple or thermometer
Heating mantle or hot plate
Ice bath
Stopwatch or timer
Stirrer
Glass beaker
Follow the steps below to perform the experiment:
Take a clean and dry glass beaker and add a small amount of MnCl2 to it.
Insert a thermocouple or thermometer into the beaker and attach it to a data logger or multimeter to record the temperature.
Place the beaker on a heating mantle or hot plate, and start stirring the solution.
Gradually heat the solution, and record the temperature at regular intervals.
When the temperature starts to rise rapidly, remove the heating mantle or hot plate, and continue to stir the solution.
Monitor the temperature closely until it reaches a maximum value and then starts to decrease. This is the transition temperature of MnCl2.
Once you have determined the transition temperature, cool the solution using an ice bath, and repeat the experiment two more times to obtain an average value for the transition temperature.
Make sure to record all your observations accurately and repeat the experiment to obtain reliable results. Additionally, take necessary safety precautions while handling the heating mantle, hot plate, and other equipment to avoid accidents or injuries.
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