To measure internal diameter and depth of a beaker/calorimeter using vernier calipers and hence find its volume.
Answers
Aim
To measure internal diameter and depth of a beaker/calorimeter using vernier calipers and hence find its volume.
Materials Required
Vernier calipers
A cylindrical object like a beaker
Magnifying glass
Theory
What is least count?
The least count is defined as the smallest change in the measured quantity which can be resolved on an instrument’s scale.
How to calculate least count?
The least count of vernier caliper = Least count of vernier caliper = fracmagnitudeofthesmallestdivisiononthemainscaletotalnumberofsmalldivisionsonthevernierscale
The formula used to calculate the volume of beaker/calorimeter = internal area of cross-section × depth
V=(D2)2.d
Where,
D is the internal diameter of the beaker/calorimeter
d is the depth of the beaker/calorimeter
Diagram
Vernier calipers
Vernier calipers
Procedure
Determine and record the least count of the vernier caliper which is also known as the vernier constant.
To find the zero error, bring the movable jaw BD in contact with the fixed jaw AC. Repeat and record this three times. If there is no zero error, then record zero error as nil.
Now put the jaws C and D inside the beaker and open till they make contact with the inner wall of the beaker without any pressure. Tighten the screw without putting too much of pressure.
On the main scale, record the zero mark of the vernier scale. Just before the zero mark of the vernier scale, record the main scale reading which is known as main scale reading (M.S.R).
Let n be the number of the vernier scale division which coincides with the main scale division.
Rotate the vernier caliper 90° and repeat the steps 4 and 5 for measuring the internal diameter in perpendicular direction.
To measure the depth, find the total reading and zero correction.
The edge of the main scale of vernier caliper should be placed on the peripheral edge. Care should be taken to make the strip go freely inside the beaker along with its depth.
Once the moving jaw of the vernier caliper touches the bottom of the beaker perpendicularly, the screw of the vernier caliper should be tightened.
For four different positions along the circumference of the beaker, repeat steps 4 and 5.
Find the total reading and also zero correction.
For internal diameter, take two different mean values and for depth, take four different values.
Calculate the volume using the proper formula and record the same in the result with units.
Observations
Determination of the least count of vernier caliper1 M.S.D = 1 mm 10 V.S.D = 9 M.S.D
∴ 1 V.S.D = 9/10 M.S.D = 0.9 mm
The least count of vernier caliper (V.C) = 1 M.S.D – 1 V.S.D = (1-0.9) mm = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm
Zero error = (i)…. cm (ii)…. cm (iii)…..cmMean zero error (e) = …..cm
Mean zero correction © = -(e) = …….cm
Table for internal diameter (D)
Sl. no Main scale Vernier scale reading Total reading
No.of vernier division coinciding (n) Value [n×(V.C)] Observed D0=N+n×V.C Corrected D=D0+c
1. D1=
2. D2=
3. D3=
4. D4=
Table for the depth (d)
Sl.no Position Main scale reading (N in cm) Vernier scale reading Total reading
No.of vernier division coinciding (n) Value [n×(V.C)] Observed d0=N+n × (V.C) Corrected d=d0+c
1. at A d1=
2. at B d2=
3. at C d3=
4. at D d4=
Calculations
Mean corrected internal diameter,
D=D1(a)+D1(b)2=…..cm
Mean corrected depth,
d=d1+d2+d3+d44=…..cm
Volume of the beaker,
V=π(D2)2d=….cm3
Result
The volume of the beaker is …….cm3.
It is long but helpful.
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After measuring the internal diameter with the help of the vernier calipers; we can easily find the volume of a calorimeter
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