top 3 of lower court of the Indian judiciary
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The federal court system has three main levels: U.S. District Court, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. Each level of court serves a different legal function for both civil and criminal cases.
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The Judiciary is a system of courts which interpret and apply the law. The role of the courts is to decide cases by determining the relevant facts and the relevant law, and applying the relevant facts to the relevant law. The Indian Judiciary administers a common law system in which customs, securities and legislation, all codify the law of the land. It has, in fact, inherited the legacy of the legal system established by the then colonial powers and the princely states since the mid-19th century, and has partly retained the characteristics of practices from the ancient[3] and medieval times.[4]
Judiciary of India
(भारतीय न्यायपालिका)
Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg
Motto: यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः॥ (IAST: Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ)
Where there is righteousness (dharma), there is victory (jayah)
Service Overview
Formerly known as
Colonial Judiciary
Founded
Mayor's Court, Madras (1726)
Country
India
Training Institute
1. National Judicial Academy (Bhopal)[1]
2. State Judicial Academy
Controlling authority
Supreme Court
High Court
Legal personality
Judiciary
Duties
Provide Justice to Victim
Punish the Offenders
Hierarchy of Courts in India
1.Supreme Court
2.High Courts
3.Subordinate Courts - Civil & Criminal
4.Executive / Revenue Court
Post Designation
Justice
Judge
Magistrate - Judicial & Executive
Cadre strength
23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court)
Selection / Appointment
1. President of India for SC & HC Judges (as per the recommendations of Collegium)
2. Governor for Subordinate Judiciary (after passing the Judicial Service Exam)
Associations
All India Judges Association[2]
Head of Judiciary
Chief Justice of India
Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde, CJI
The Indian Judicial system is totally managed and administrated by officers of judicial service unlike in the past when civil service officers also were part of judicial system. The expression judicial service means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.[5] The Judges of Subordinate Judiciary is appointed by the governor on recommendation of the High Court. Judges of the High Court and Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a collegium. The Judicial system of India is classified into three levels with subsidiary parts.
The Supreme Court of India, also known as the Apex Court, is the top court and the last appellate court in India, and the Chief Justice of India is its top authority. High Courts are the top judicial bodies in the states controlled and managed by Chief Justices of States. Below the High Court are District Courts, also known as subordinate courts, controlled and managed by the District & Sessions Judges. The subordinate court system is further classified into two: the civil court of which a Sub-Judge is the head followed by the munsif court at the lower level, and the criminal court headed by Chief Judicial/Metropolitan Magistrate at top and followed by ACJM /ACMM & JM/MM at the lower level.
The other courts are the executive and revenue courts which are managed and controlled by state government through the district magistrate and commissioner, respectively. Although the executive courts are not the part of judiciary but various provisions and judgements empower the High Courts and the Session Judges to inspect or direct the working of executive courts.
The Ministry of Law & Justice at the Union level is responsible for raising issues before parliament for the proper functioning of the judiciary. The Ministry of Law & Justice has complete jurisdiction to deal with the issues of any courts of India, from SC to Subordinate and Executive Courts. It also deals with the appointment of Judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court. At the state level, the law departments of the states deal with the issues of the High Court and the Subordinate Courts. The constitution provides for the single unified judiciary in India.
Judiciary of India
(भारतीय न्यायपालिका)
Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg
Motto: यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः॥ (IAST: Yato Dharmastato Jayaḥ)
Where there is righteousness (dharma), there is victory (jayah)
Service Overview
Formerly known as
Colonial Judiciary
Founded
Mayor's Court, Madras (1726)
Country
India
Training Institute
1. National Judicial Academy (Bhopal)[1]
2. State Judicial Academy
Controlling authority
Supreme Court
High Court
Legal personality
Judiciary
Duties
Provide Justice to Victim
Punish the Offenders
Hierarchy of Courts in India
1.Supreme Court
2.High Courts
3.Subordinate Courts - Civil & Criminal
4.Executive / Revenue Court
Post Designation
Justice
Judge
Magistrate - Judicial & Executive
Cadre strength
23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court)
Selection / Appointment
1. President of India for SC & HC Judges (as per the recommendations of Collegium)
2. Governor for Subordinate Judiciary (after passing the Judicial Service Exam)
Associations
All India Judges Association[2]
Head of Judiciary
Chief Justice of India
Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde, CJI
The Indian Judicial system is totally managed and administrated by officers of judicial service unlike in the past when civil service officers also were part of judicial system. The expression judicial service means a service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to the post of district judge.[5] The Judges of Subordinate Judiciary is appointed by the governor on recommendation of the High Court. Judges of the High Court and Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of a collegium. The Judicial system of India is classified into three levels with subsidiary parts.
The Supreme Court of India, also known as the Apex Court, is the top court and the last appellate court in India, and the Chief Justice of India is its top authority. High Courts are the top judicial bodies in the states controlled and managed by Chief Justices of States. Below the High Court are District Courts, also known as subordinate courts, controlled and managed by the District & Sessions Judges. The subordinate court system is further classified into two: the civil court of which a Sub-Judge is the head followed by the munsif court at the lower level, and the criminal court headed by Chief Judicial/Metropolitan Magistrate at top and followed by ACJM /ACMM & JM/MM at the lower level.
The other courts are the executive and revenue courts which are managed and controlled by state government through the district magistrate and commissioner, respectively. Although the executive courts are not the part of judiciary but various provisions and judgements empower the High Courts and the Session Judges to inspect or direct the working of executive courts.
The Ministry of Law & Justice at the Union level is responsible for raising issues before parliament for the proper functioning of the judiciary. The Ministry of Law & Justice has complete jurisdiction to deal with the issues of any courts of India, from SC to Subordinate and Executive Courts. It also deals with the appointment of Judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court. At the state level, the law departments of the states deal with the issues of the High Court and the Subordinate Courts. The constitution provides for the single unified judiciary in India.
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