Topic -Diseases in India
Your project should comprise – General information, Causative organism (if any), Symptoms,
Cause of Disease, Preventive Measures, Diet plan to prevent the disease. write on cancer!!!
Answers
Environmental Biotechnology
Daniel A. Vallero PhD, in Environmental Biotechnology (Second Edition), 2016
Assessing Biotechnological Impacts
Any consideration of present or future environmental problems requires a systematic perspective. Everything in the environment is interconnected. If we do not ask questions about the possible environmental impacts of biotechnologies and we have no data from which to answer these questions, we may be unpleasantly surprised in time when ecological and human health problems occur. This is doubly bad if such problems could have been prevented with a modicum of foresight. Because this is actually the rationale for environmental impact statements (EISs), they provide a worthwhile framework for the application of biochemodynamics in environmental assessments.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was the first of the major pieces of legislation in the United States to ask that the environment be viewed systematically. It was signed into law in 1970 after contentious hearings in the US Congress. NEPA is not really a technical law, but created the environmental impact statement (EIS) and established the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) in the Office of the President. Of these two accomplishments, the EIS represented a sea change in how the federal government was to conduct business. Agencies were required to prepare EISs on any major action that they were considering that could “significantly” affect the quality of the environment. From the outset, the agencies had to reconcile often-competing values, i.e., their mission and the protection of the environment. This ushered in a new environmental ethos that continues today.
Any major action by a federal agency that may significantly affect the human environment falls under NEPA, which means that environmental impacts must be considered prior to undertaking the action. Unless an agency action is categorically excluded from an NEPA-mandated environmental analysis, the agency must analyze the action through the preparation of an environmental assessment (EA), and if needed, an EIS. An action that would result in “less-than-significant” or no environmental impacts can be categorically excluded. For example, a categorical exclusion would apply to the permitting of the “confined release of a genetically engineered (GE) organism involving a well-known species that does not raise any new issues.” However, a categorical exclusion is not an “exemption” from NEPA, merely a determination that an EA or EIS is not necessary.
Biotechnologies are tailor-made for an assessment process similar to that called for by NEPA, notwithstanding whether the biotechnology is public or private. Biotechnologies are highly complex, and it is quite difficult to predict downstream and side effects given the large number of potential, unexpected events and outcomes. A federal example of this process is that of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Biotechnology Regulatory Services program and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, which regulates the importation, movement, and potential releases of GE organisms, especially plants, insects, and microorganisms that may pose a plant pest risk [15]. The USDA works with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), because GE organisms are also used for environmental, medical, and industrial applications. Thus, in the United States, the federal government seems to be aware of the need to look at possible implications in a systematic way. Under the biotechnology regulations, transgenic plants, insects, mollusks, and microbes are subject to regulation if they potentially pose a plant pest risk. A large number of organisms are included.