Trace the growth of the rowlatt satyagraha headed by mahatma gandhi. How did this movement represent a new stage of national movement ?
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The Kheda peasant struggle is also known as no-tax peasant struggle. It was a satyagraha launched in
March 1919, under the leadership of Gandhiji, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Indulal Yajnik, N.M. Joshi,
Shankerlal Pareekh and several others.
It was again an experiment, quite like that of Champaran, made on non-violence. It was also
participated by intelligentsia. Incidentally, the movement provided an opportunity to the educated
public workers to establish contact with the actual life of the peasantry. The educated workers learnt
to identify themselves with the peasantry and made themselves available for sacrifices.
The Kheda peasantry mainly consisted of the Patidar peasants. The Patidars have always been known
for their skills in agriculture. The land of Kheda , a part of central Gujarat, is quite fertile for the
cultivation of tobacco and cotton crops. Educationally also, the Patel cultivators are well-off. The
struggle of the peasants was organised for several causes.
However, a few important causes are given below:
(a) The government reassessed the Kheda land and the cultivated crops. On the basis of land data
collected in this way, the tax was increased. This was unacceptable to the peasants.
(b) The peasants had suffered a famine and this had resulted in a large-scale failure of crops. The
government, however, did not accept the failure of crops and insisted on the full realisation of land
tax. The peasantry, on the other hand, made its own inquires and emphasised persistently that the
government was not justified in demanding the full land tax.
The Gujarat Sabha consisting of the peasants, submitted petitions and telegrams to the highest
governing authorities of the province requesting for the suspension of the revenue assessment for the
year 1919. But the officials maintained and rejected the popular demand for non-payment of tax.
When the government refused to consider the demands of the Kheda peasants for non-payment of
land tax, Gandhiji exhorted the peasants to resort to satyagraba.
In some cases, the government removed the opium crop by alleging that it was without permission.
This was considered to be a mischievous technique adopted by the government. The Patidar peasants
and the intelligentsia developed its faith in satyagraha.
Gandhiji observed that the beginning of an awakening among the peasants of Gujarat had come. The
non-payment of land tax led the government officials to auction the peasants‘ cattle, confiscate their
houses, and take away their movable property. The peasants were given notices of fines and
penalties. The Kheda movement was terminated owing to the acceptance of some of the prime
demands of the peasants.
Some of the achievements of the struggles were as under:
(a) It was settled that the well-to-do Patidar peasants would pay up the land rent and the poorer ones
would be granted remissions. The bulk of the peasant mass who constituted the small farmers, were
by and large, satisfied.
(b) What is important about the movement is that it created an awakening among peasants about their
demands. On the other hand, they sought their involvement in the struggle for independence. The
impact of the success was also realized among the peasants of Gujarat and the neighbouring states.
(c) Writing about the wider success of Kheda movement, Sujajat Choudhary observes: The
acceptance of the peasants‘ demand brought a new awakening among the peasantry. The struggle
made them realise that their complete emancipation from injustice and exploitation would not happen
so long as their country did not achieve complete independence. The bureaucracy no longer appeared
to these people as their well-wishers but only agents of the alien regime.
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