Question

transport town of urban settlement

Answer 1

No discussion about the urban spatial structure can take place without an overview of urbanization, which has been one of the dominant trends of economic and social change of the 20th century, especially in thedeveloping world.

Urbanization. The process of transition from a rural to a more urban society. Statistically, urbanization reflects an increasing proportion of the population living in settlements defined as urban, primarily through net rural to urban migration. The level of urbanization is the percentage of the total population living in towns and cities while the rate of urbanization is the rate at which it grows (UNFPA, 2007).

This transition is expected to go on well into the second half of the 21st century, a trend reflected in the growing size of cities and in the increasing proportion of the urbanized population. Cities also dominate the national economic output as they account for the bulk of the production, distribution and consumption. Urban mobility problems have increased proportionally, and in some cases exponentially, with urbanization since mobility demands are concentrated over a specific area. Since 1950, the world's urban population has more than doubled, to reach nearly 3.8 billion in 2014, about 54% of the global population. This is the outcome of three main demographic trends:Natural increase. It is simply the outcome of more births than deaths in urban areas, a direct function of the fertility rate as well as the quality of healthcare systems (lower mortality rates, particularly for infants). Phases in the demographic transition are commonly linked with urbanization rates. Although this factor played an important role in the past, it is of much lesser importance today as fertility rates in many developed countries have dropped significantly, in some cases like Western Europe, Japan and South Korea below replacement rate.Rural to urban migrations. This has been a strong factor of urbanization, particularly in the developing world where migration accounted between 40 and 60% of the urban growth. Such a process has endured since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, first in the developed world and then in the developing world. The reasons for urban migration are numerous and may involve the expectation to find employment, improved agricultural productivity which frees rural labor or even political and environmental problems where populations are constrained to leave the countryside.International migration. The growth in international migration has been an important factor in the urbanization of major gateway cities, such as Los Angeles, Miami, New York, London and Paris. This process tends to take place in the largest cities, but there is a trickle down to cities of smaller size.