transportation of water in plants in full details
Answers
Answer:
Through Xylem
Explanation:
The water and minerals are transported in plants by two types of conducting tissues: Xylem and Phloem.
Xylem is a long, non-living tube running from the roots to the leaves through the stem. The water is absorbed by the root hair and undergoes cell to cell movement by osmosis until it reaches the xylem. This water is then transported through the xylem vessels to the leaves and is evaporated by the process of transpiration.
The xylem is also composed of elongated cells like the phloem. However, xylem is especially accountable for transporting water to all parts of the plants from the roots. Since they serve such an important function, a single tree would have a lot of xylem tissues.
The driving forces responsible for the transportation of water and minerals in plants include: Transpiration, force of surface tension, water potential gradient, the force of hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
Transpiration
Transpiration is the driving force behind uptake and transport of water. It is the process of water evaporation through openings called stomata. This creates a pull by replacing the water that has evaporated. This pull in the xylem tissues extends all the way down due to the cohesive forces. This negative water pressure that occurs in the roots will eventually result in an increase of water uptake from the soil.
Force of Surface Tension
As more molecules evaporate from the water film, there is an increase in the curvature of the meniscus which in turn increases the surface tension. Water from the surrounding cells is pulled towards this area to reduce the tension.
Water Potential Gradient
Water moves from the roots to the leaves because of the water potential gradient. Water potential gradient is highest in the water surrounding the roots and lowest in the air space within the spongy parenchyma.
The force of Hydrogen Bonding between Water Molecules
The water molecules stick to each other by hydrogen bonds. The above forces are communicated to water molecules within the xylem through the hydrogen bonds.
Answer:
The movement of plants from water to land has necessitated the development of internal mechanisms to supply all the parts of the plant with water. As discussed in Plant Classification, Vasular Tissues , tracheophytes (including virtually all terrestrial plants except for mosses and liverworts), have developed complex vascular systems that move nutrients and water throughout the plant body through "tubes" of conductive cells. The vascular tissues of these plants are called xylem and phloem. The xylem of vascular plants consists of dead cells placed end to end that form tunnels through which water and minerals move upward from the roots (where they are taken in) to the rest of the plant. Phloem, which is made up of living cells, carries the products of photosynthesis (organic nutrients) from the leaves to the other parts. The vascular system is continuous throughout the whole plant, even though the xylem and phloem are often arranged differently in the root than they are in the shoot.
The major mechanism by which water (along with dissolved materials) is carried upward through the xylem is called TATC (Transpiration-Adhesion-Tension-Cohesion). It should be noted that TATC, while supported by most scientists, is speculated but not proven to be at work in very tall trees. In this theory, transpiration, the evaporation of water from the leaf, is theorized to create a pressure differential that pulls fluids (held together by cohesion) up from the roots.
Water transport also occurs at the cellular level, as individual cells absorb and release water, and pass it along to neighboring cells. Water enters and leaves cells through osmosis, the passive diffusion of water across a membrane. In plants, water always moves from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential. Water potential results from the differences in osmotic concentration (the concentration of solute in the water) as well as differences in water pressure (caused by the presence of rigid cell walls) between two regions. The relationship between the amount of dissolves solute and water potential is inverse: where there is a lot of dissolved solute the water potential is low.
Most of the water that a plant takes in enters through the root hairs. The water diffuses easily (and osmotically) into the root hairs because the concentration of dissolved materials in the plant's cellular cytoplasm is high. As discussed in Plant Classification, Root Hairs, there are two pathways through which water travels from the outside of the root to the core, where it is picked up by the xylem. The first of these pathways is the symplast, in which water moves across the root hair membrane and through the cells themselves, via channels that connect their contents. An alternate route for water is the apoplast, in which water travels along cell walls and through intercellular spaces to reach the core of the root. Once in the xylem, the water can be carried by TATC to all the other parts of the plant.
Overall, water is transported in the plant through the combined efforts of individual cells and the conductive tissues of the vascular system. Water from the soil enters the root hairs by moving along a water potential gradient and into the xylem through either the apoplast or symplast pathway. It is carried upward through the xylem by transpiration, and then passed into the leaves along another water potential gradient. In the leaf, some water is lost through evaporation from the stomata and the remaining fluid moves along a water potential gradient from the xylem into the phloem, where it is distributed along with the organic nutrients produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant.
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