Question

TRAPPED FOR MONTHS
It is sometimes difficult to believe, but human beings love to co-operate. Of course, we argue and fight at times, but in a crisis, we show real ability to work together to overcome difficulties.
Nowhere was this more evident than in the drama which took place in a mine far below the Atacama Desert in Chile. Beginning on August 5th, 2010, 33 miners were trapped for more than two months at 700 meters below the surface. The length of this ordeal exceeded the previous record of 25 days, which a group of Chinese miners endured in 2009.
While the Chilean miners were working, an enormous landslide occurred which trapped them under the ground. For the first 17 days, they survived on a few cans of tuna fish and their own physical and mental strength. The rescuers on the surface used a machine to drill through the rock. Eventually it reached the underground tunnel where the men were sheltering and they attached a note to the drill to say that they were alive.
For the next two months, as media interest grew, the whole world watched, in constant hope that all the miners would be rescued. Psychologists watched to see how human beings survive such stressful conditions and how we react when emergencies occur. As one expert said: “Every form of stress had an impact on those miners. In order to survive mentally, they had to overcome the extreme difficulties of their situation. They were encouraged by experts on the surface to establish a daily routine and to take regular physical exercise.”
Rescue workers delivered essential items to the miners using three narrow supply tubes. After three weeks the miners sent to the surface their first video, which showed them without shirts and unshaven. They were soon provided with clean clothes, toothbrushes and razors, and letters from their loved ones. They all wore matching red shirts, which helped to create a feeling of unity and discipline. At first, the miners’ food consisted simply of vitamin drinks, but later they were provided with yoghurt, cereal, tea and sandwiches. Finally, their bodies were able to take hot meals like meatballs with rice.
In the early days, it was difficult to know how long the miners would have to remain trapped before they were rescued, but they were kept fully informed. As a psychologist said: “It was essential that they were regularly given all the relevant information. We wanted to avoid the situation where they were ready and expecting to be rescued but then were disappointed at the last moment. This would have been damaging for their mental condition.”

Towards the end of their stay underground, they were advised to start planning for their arrival at the surface. Among the books they read was a guide called “Talking to the Media”, so that they were well prepared to speak to journalists.
Answers
Finally, the rescue tunnel was made wide enough to bring the men to the surface. They were lifted, one by one, in a special capsule, and, on 13th October, 2010, the last man was rescued.
a) When do people work most closely together?
b) What was previously the longest period that miners had been trapped underground?
c) How did the miners first make contact with the rescuers?
d) What were psychologists particularly keen to find out? Give two details.
e) What made the rescuers decide to send the miners clean clothes and razors?
f) Why were the men all given the same colour shirts to wear?
g) How did the food supplied by the rescuers change from the earliest stages to the final stages? Give two details.
h) According to the diagram, what was the width of each of the supply tubes?
i) How did the miners prepare for what they would face when they came out of the capsule
j) What did the experts believe that the miners needed to do for their physical and mental health? Give four details.

Answer 1

Answer:

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