Two important developments of the mid-1920s were the formation of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Communist Party of India. Under whose president-ship did the Congress resolve to fight for Complete Freedom, ‘Purna Swaraj’ in 1929?
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Answer:
The National Movement of India played a significant role in the independence of the country. The
commencement of the National Movement started in the year 1947, and it was a process that took
several years to become successful. Several reasons contributed to ‘The Making of the National
Movement’ in India, such as the emergence of nationalism, Rowlatt satyagraha, growth of mass
nationalism, Quit India, etc. While preparing these CBSE Class 8 Social Science History notes of
Chapter 9 - The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947, we have covered all crucial topics,
as mentioned in the chapter.
The Emergence of Nationalism
India was the people of India irrespective of class, colour, caste, creed, language, or gender. Even
its resources and systems were meant for all of them. But, the British were exercising control over
the resources of India and the lives of its people. This consciousness began to be clearly stated by
the political associations formed after 1850, especially those that came into being in the 1870s and
1880s. The more important ones were the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, the Indian Association, the
Madras Mahajan Sabha, the Bombay Presidency Association, and the Indian National Congress.
These associations functioned in specific parts of the country and their goals were stated as the
goals of all the people of India. They believed that the Indian people should be empowered to take
decisions regarding their affairs.
In 1878, the Arms Act was passed which disallowed Indians from possessing arms. During the
same year, the Vernacular Press Act was enacted in an effort to silence those who were critical of
the government. Under this Act, the government was allowed to confiscate the assets of
newspapers including their printing presses if anything that was published was found
“objectionable”. In 1883, the Ilbert Bill was introduced which provided for the trial of British or
European persons by Indians and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the
country.
The Indian National Congress was established in December 1885. The early leaders were
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji,
Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer, among others largely belonged to Bombay and
Calcutta.
A nation in the making
In the first twenty years, Congress demanded Indians in the government and in administration. It
wanted the Legislative Council to be more representative, more powerful and introduced in
provinces where none existed. It demanded Indians to be placed in high positions in the
government. The demand for Indianisation of the administration was against racism since most
important jobs were monopolised by white officials. Indianisation would reduce the drain of wealth
to England. Other demands included the separation of the judiciary from the executive, the repeal
of the Arms Act and the freedom of speech and expression.
The Congress raised a number of economic issues. The British rule led to poverty and famines.
They demanded reduction of revenue, cut in military expenditure, and more funds for irrigation. The
Congress also passed many resolutions on the salt tax, treatment of Indian labourers abroad, and
the sufferings of forest dwellers.
Answer:
The Purna Swaraj declaration (or complete self-rule independent of the British Empire) was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929 in its Lahore session under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. 26th January 1930 was declared as Purna Swaraj Diwas.
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