two reasons of migration
Answers
the two reasons for migration are :
• lack of services.
• lack of safety
......
hope it helps uh...❤
Explanation:
Scholars studying international migration theory and the economic sociology of migration tend to address the social, noneconomic reasons for migration such as social networks and social capital. International migration scholars have borrowed the concept of social capital to refer to the benefits (tangible and intangible) acquired by international migrants as a result of having personal contacts with prior migrants at the place of origin or at the place of destination. The information and resources provided help to increase the likelihood of migration by nonmigrants as migration social capital helps to reduce the cost and risks associated with international movement (Massey and Espinosa, 1997). The information and resources provided by migrant social capital can work differently for different people and in different settings (Garip, 2008). In addition, the distance between the place of origin and the place of destination also can make a difference with regards of how migration social capital operates (Massey et al., 2011). In addition, rural or urban places of origin may also dictate how much migration social capital may be available in different settings and how it functions (Fussell and Massey, 2004; Hernandez-León, 2008; Flores-Yeffal and Aysa-Lastra, 2011; Flores-Yeffal, 2013). The context of the place of origin is therefore considered very important as the structure of the social networks in which social capital is exchanged could take many different forms (Flores-Yeffal, 2013).
The contemporary meaning of social capital was first introduced by Loury (1977) and theoretically developed by Bourdieu (1986) and Coleman (1988). Originally, the concept was not necessarily associated with issues of international migration until the term became very popular and international migration scholars began to borrow it in order to explain the role of social networks in the international migration scenario (i.e., Massey et al., 1987). Given that the origins of the concept were not necessarily conceptualized in the realm of international migration, sociologists in general disagree about what constitutes social capital, but international migration researchers generally agree that it refers to the tangible and intangible resources provided by relatives, friends, and paisanos (countryman) to facilitate migration, settlement, and employment in a foreign country (see Massey et al., 1987; Massey and Espinosa, 1997; Flores-Yeffal, 2013). Past studies about Europeans demonstrate that historically and around the world in the past international migrants have utilized social capital to migrate. For example, Gans (1962) wrote about European-origin segregated immigrant communities during the turn of the twentieth century in Boston. These communities had developed as a result of social networks and social capital exchange.
Today, the field recognizes mainly two theories related to social networks: the cumulative causation theory and the social capital theory. Actually, the social capital theory is considered part of the cumulative causation theory (see Massey et al., 1998). The theory of cumulative causation refers to the tendency of migration to self-perpetuate, regardless of what initially caused the migration to begin (Myrdal, 1957; Massey, 1990). As more people migrate, more migration social capital accumulates and so more people migrate from a single community as a result that international movement becomes easier and less costly to others. This theory takes into account the changes in context and social culture in the transnational context, at the place of origin, as well as at the place of destination. For example, it claims that a culture of migration develops among the members of the sending community due to the benefits they observe from international migration and remittances. For example, they may see other people in the community receiving remittances from