Question

unification of Germany and Italy in points​

Answer 1

In 1861, King Victor Emmanuel II declared as the emperor of Italy.

The Unification of Germany began when nationalism feelings spread among the middle-class people in 1848. Otto von Bismarck played an influential role in joining Germany with the help of the army and bureaucracy.

Answer 2

Unification of Italy

• During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into 7 states. 

• Out of the seven, only one state Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. 

• North part was under the Austrian Habsburgs, the central part was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.

• In 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini played in role for putting together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He also formed two underground societies named as Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. 

• Due to the failure of revolutionary uprisings in 1831 and 1848 the responsibilities of unification of Italian states fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II by wars. 

• In 1859 due to a a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by the Chief Minister Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859 and won Lombardy. 

• Due to the leak of Lombardy., Parma, Modena and Tuscany announced their alliance into the newly shaping republic. 

• In 1860 by the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a large number of armed  volunteers marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

• After winning the Sicilies, In 1861 Emmanuel II was announced as the King of united Italy.

• Later on, In the year 1866 just because of the Austro-Prussia war Italy succeded in winning the state Venetia (That was under the control of Austria) and In 1870 they merged Rome (That was under the control of France) into the nation because of the France-Prussia War. Pope compromised in the year 1872 And Italy became a united country in precise terms.

Unification of Germany

• The feelings roused in the middle class people and the tries of nationalists to make Germany united in 1848 were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners of Prussia.

• Later on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.

• Its chief minister, Otto von  Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried  out with the help of the Prussian army and  bureaucracy.
• At that time Germany was divided into Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony. By the 3 wars with Austria, Denmark and France in 7 years Prussia won the different states.

• In 1864 by the Prussia-Denmark battle, Prussia won the Schleswig.
• In 1866 by the Austro-Prussia war, Prussia got Hanover, Holstein, Luxembourg and Frankfurt.

• With the Franco-Prussia war of 1870, Prussia also succeded in claiming Alsace-Lorraine.

• On being influenced by these victories Bavaria, Werttemburg and Baden announced their mergence in the Prussia empire.

• In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I,  was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony  held at Versailles.