Unification of germany main points
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German Unification
Germany was divided into several small states (the Roman Empire had almost 350 small states)Napoleon conquered Germany and reduce the number of states to 39By enlarge, North Germany was protestant while South Germany was Catholic → this was a significant religious segregationGermany in 1815;39 states; Napoleon had set up the Confederation of the Rhine (it included 16 states)The peacemakers at Vienna established a German Confederation (Bund)Two of the Germany States count as great powers → Habsburg Empire and PrussiaAt this stage, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britain wanted to keep Germany divided, they believed that a United Germany would cause an imbalance in powerThe Habsburgs were given the presidency of the Germany ConfederationPrussia was given the Rhineland (as protection against France) → coal and iron of the Ruhr (which was later on to be Europe’s industrial heartland )
prussia and the Germany Economy 1815- 1877
1834; The Zollverein (a custom’s union)
Railways
1850- 1860 → railway track in Germany doubled; this gave a boost to coal, iron and steel production1856 – the Bessemer Converter; a German method for making steel
Metternich’s System 1815- 1848
Austria, Prussia and the Revolutions of 1848- 1849
1862; Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor of Prussia
1863; the Polish Revolt and the Alvensleben Convention
1863-5; Bismarck and the Danish War
The Convention of Gastein; August 14, 1865
Austro- Prussian WarFebruary 28, 1866
October 1865; the Meeting at Biarritz
This meeting was between Bismarck and the Emperor Napoleon IIIBismarck
The Secret Alliance with Italy
February 28, 1866
April 8, 1866 → a secret alliance with Prussia and Italy
The Outbreak of the Austro- Prussian War
June 14, 1866
Prussian Military Confidence
When Prussia had mobilized in 1859,
The Seven Weeks War
Moltke was responsible for the war- plan which defeated the AustriansEven though the commanders of the three Prussian armies which invaded Bohemia were reluctant to be bound by Moltke’s planThe Prussians made mistakes, but the Austrians made more mistakesKey military point; Moltke’s plan → surround and destroy the Austrian armyThe Austrian Commander, General Benedek said he was not fit for the task , and didn’t want the job; he was commander of the Northern Army in BohemiaJuly 2, Benedek sends a telegram to Francis Joseph (Austrian Emperor). His telegram says “Austria should seek peace at any cost as the army was more likely to be destroyed”The main battle was called the Battle of Sadowa (Koniggratz)One of the most decisive battles in Modern HistoryJuly 3, Austrians fought bravely but were defeated by better led and armed Prussians. It was a huge infantry battle;400, 000 men were involved24, 000 Austrians killed or wounded13, 000 prisoners Grenville: “Prussian ascendancy in Germany had been decided on the battlefield”The Austrians were successful against in Italy in the battles of Custozza (June 24) and the battle of Lissa at seaRadetzky’s forces were successful → they went back with a feather in their cap to Vienna but this didn’t matter because this was counterbalanced by the decisive defeat in Bohemia
Peace of Prague August 23, 1866
Bismarck and the Southern States
The Ausgleich of 1867
France and 1866
Germany was divided into several small states (the Roman Empire had almost 350 small states)Napoleon conquered Germany and reduce the number of states to 39By enlarge, North Germany was protestant while South Germany was Catholic → this was a significant religious segregationGermany in 1815;39 states; Napoleon had set up the Confederation of the Rhine (it included 16 states)The peacemakers at Vienna established a German Confederation (Bund)Two of the Germany States count as great powers → Habsburg Empire and PrussiaAt this stage, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britain wanted to keep Germany divided, they believed that a United Germany would cause an imbalance in powerThe Habsburgs were given the presidency of the Germany ConfederationPrussia was given the Rhineland (as protection against France) → coal and iron of the Ruhr (which was later on to be Europe’s industrial heartland )
prussia and the Germany Economy 1815- 1877
1834; The Zollverein (a custom’s union)
Railways
1850- 1860 → railway track in Germany doubled; this gave a boost to coal, iron and steel production1856 – the Bessemer Converter; a German method for making steel
Metternich’s System 1815- 1848
Austria, Prussia and the Revolutions of 1848- 1849
1862; Otto Von Bismarck as Chancellor of Prussia
1863; the Polish Revolt and the Alvensleben Convention
1863-5; Bismarck and the Danish War
The Convention of Gastein; August 14, 1865
Austro- Prussian WarFebruary 28, 1866
October 1865; the Meeting at Biarritz
This meeting was between Bismarck and the Emperor Napoleon IIIBismarck
The Secret Alliance with Italy
February 28, 1866
April 8, 1866 → a secret alliance with Prussia and Italy
The Outbreak of the Austro- Prussian War
June 14, 1866
Prussian Military Confidence
When Prussia had mobilized in 1859,
The Seven Weeks War
Moltke was responsible for the war- plan which defeated the AustriansEven though the commanders of the three Prussian armies which invaded Bohemia were reluctant to be bound by Moltke’s planThe Prussians made mistakes, but the Austrians made more mistakesKey military point; Moltke’s plan → surround and destroy the Austrian armyThe Austrian Commander, General Benedek said he was not fit for the task , and didn’t want the job; he was commander of the Northern Army in BohemiaJuly 2, Benedek sends a telegram to Francis Joseph (Austrian Emperor). His telegram says “Austria should seek peace at any cost as the army was more likely to be destroyed”The main battle was called the Battle of Sadowa (Koniggratz)One of the most decisive battles in Modern HistoryJuly 3, Austrians fought bravely but were defeated by better led and armed Prussians. It was a huge infantry battle;400, 000 men were involved24, 000 Austrians killed or wounded13, 000 prisoners Grenville: “Prussian ascendancy in Germany had been decided on the battlefield”The Austrians were successful against in Italy in the battles of Custozza (June 24) and the battle of Lissa at seaRadetzky’s forces were successful → they went back with a feather in their cap to Vienna but this didn’t matter because this was counterbalanced by the decisive defeat in Bohemia
Peace of Prague August 23, 1866
Bismarck and the Southern States
The Ausgleich of 1867
France and 1866
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