Question

Urea is a major product of nitrogen metabolism in humans. It is

eliminated from the hody mainly by the kidneys through urine. Urea levels

in body fluids, such as blood and saliva, rise drastically under certain

kidney dysfunctions. Heart 1 failure, hypovolemic shock, gastrointestinal

bleeding, and severe infections can also lead to a_ rise. Thus urea in

blood and saliva provides key information on renal function and helps

diagnose various disorders.

Most methods for estimating urea 111 body fluids are based on

colorimet1y. These methods are lime consuming and involve painful

blood extraction. Collecting saliva is non-evasive and research has

correlated salivary and blood urea levels.

Recently scientists from the IIT-D and the AllMS, New Delhi

successfully developed a smartphone based optical biosensor to detect

urea in saliva. To fabricate the sensor, they directly immobilised the urease

enzyme with a pH indicator on a filter. paper based strip. As response to

the urea on saliva the paper strip changes colour. The red, green and blue

levels help measure urea concentration.

The scientists used the slope method, sensor response change per unit

time, instead of the differential method, the difference in sensor response

between two time intervals, to increase sensitivity and eliminate

interference by variations in ambient light.

The team clinically validated spiked saliva samples and samples from

healthy volunteers.

The smartphone application with paper strip can even be operated by

non-professionals with limited training. This saves time and cost spent on

bulky spectroscopic procedures. The report can revolutionise medical

screening of large populations. And such mass st;reening of diseases

would boost national health.​

Answer 1

Answer:

WTF

Explanation:

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