using remainder therom find factors
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The Division Procedure
long division
Polynomials of degree 3 or higher can sometimes be difficult to factor. Long division and synthetic division are methods that can be used to factor polynomials. These methods are very effective, so you should practice them. However, students always appreciate a shortcut.
This is where the remainder theorem and factor theorem come into play. After completing this lesson, you will know how to use these theorems to find remainders and factors of polynomials. It is important to note, however, that these theorems do not provide as much information as other methods, but the information they provide is sometimes good enough.
Before we introduce the theorems, let's start with a simple problem listing the factors of 27. We could probably easily list the factors as 1, 3, 9, and 27. These numbers are factors because they divide evenly into 27. In other words, if we divide by the factor 3, the remainder is zero. This fact might seem pretty obvious when dividing with integers, but this property is important to understand when dividing with polynomials.
If we divide 27 by some other numbers, we will create a remainder. For instance, if we divide 27 by 7, we will get a remainder of 6.
Finding factors of polynomials, such as quadratic expressions, can be a little more difficult. Well, factoring quadratic expressions is usually not too difficult for the accomplished algebra student. What about finding factors of polynomials that have a degree of 3 or higher? In other words, the lead term has an exponent higher than 2, as in the following example:
x^3 + 2x^2 - 11x - 12
Here we can use long division or synthetic division to find the factors of this polynomial. These methods are very effective. However, the purpose of this lesson is to show alternatives that can be used.
Remainder Theorem
Let's first state the remainder theorem. The remainder theorem states the following:
If you divide a polynomial f(x) by (x - h), then the remainder is f(h).
The theorem states that our remainder equals f(h). Therefore, we do not need to use long division, but just need to evaluate the polynomial when x = h to find the remainder.
We should understand why this theorem is true. Why does this work?
Let's set up our division problem using the notation in the theorem. If we divide some polynomial f(x) with a divisor in the form of (x - h) of which h is a real number, then we will get a quotient, which we will call p(x), and a remainder, which we will call r. Our division problem will look as follows:
f(x)/(x - h) = p(x) with a remainder of r
Like we did with our simple division problems in integers, we can manipulate this function to get the following.
f(x) = (x - h) * p(x) + r
Let's say we want to evaluate our polynomial at x = h. Therefore, (x - h) = (h - h) = 0. Let's look at the following statements. Statement 1 shows our equation. In statement 2, we substitute h for x. Then we simplify in statements 3 and 4.