Question

Vaccines can now be genetically engineered by inserting the genes that encode the pathogen's surface proteins into the what?

Answer 1

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Genetic engineered vaccines are vaccines developed via genetic engineering technologies. It specifically refers to vaccines developed via directed alteration of viral genome, rather than passive selection of naturally occurring mutants or recombinants, as in the case of live attenuated vaccines. Here are some examples:

Subunit vaccine (example: HBV)

Subunit vaccines are made of components of pathogens. HBV vaccine was developed in this way. It was observed that the surface viral glycoproteins (also known as HBsAg) can confer protective immunity. To make a vaccine, researchers extracted the viral gene encoding the HBsAg, then inserted it into the genome of yeast cells or mammalian cells. The recombinant cells can produce HBsAg, which can be harvested to make vaccines.

Subunit vaccines are inherently safe because of lack of genomes. The donwside is that because only part of the pathogens is included, the immunogenicity is markedly reduced, and no cellular immunity is induced. However, the use of HBV vaccine demonstrated excellent effectiveness; recipients are protected many years after the vaccination.

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Answer 2

There are a variety of expression systems with different advantages, allowing the production of large quantities of proteins depending on the required characteristics. Live recombinant bacteria or viral vectors effectively stimulate the immune system as in natural infections and have intrinsic adjuvant properties.