value free analysis in Political science came to mean
1. value are useless,
2. value undermines the quality of research ,
3. facts and values should be kept separate in research
, 4. value have no research
Answers
Answer:
2 value undermines the quality of search.
Answer:
Explanation:
Scientific objectivity is a characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results. It expresses the idea that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspectives, value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few relevant factors. Objectivity is often considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the basis of the authority of science in society.
Many central debates in the philosophy of science have, in one way or another, to do with objectivity: confirmation and the problem of induction; theory choice and scientific change; realism; scientific explanation; experimentation; measurement and quantification; evidence and the foundations of statistics; evidence-based science; feminism and values in science. Understanding the role of objectivity in science is therefore integral to a full appreciation of these debates. As this article testifies, the reverse is true too: it is impossible to fully appreciate the notion of scientific objectivity without touching upon many of these debates.
The ideal of objectivity has been criticized repeatedly in philosophy of science, questioning both its value and its attainability. This article focuses on the question of how scientific objectivity should be defined, whether the ideal of objectivity is desirable, and to what extent scientists can achieve it. In line with the idea that the epistemic authority of science relies primarily on the objectivity of scientific reasoning, we focus on the role of objectivity in scientific experimentation, inference and theory choice.
1. Introduction: Product and Process Objectivity
2. Objectivity as Faithfulness to Facts
2.1 The View From Nowhere
2.2 Theory-Ladenness and Incommensurability
2.3 The Experimenter's Regress
2.4 Standpoint Theory, Contextual Empiricism and Trust in Science
3. Objectivity as Absence of Normative Commitments and the Value-Free Ideal
3.1 Epistemic and Contextual Values
3.2 Acceptance of Scientific Hypotheses and Value Neutrality
3.3 Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal
3.4 Feyerabend: The Tyranny of the Rational Method
4. Objectivity as Freedom from Personal Biases
4.1 Measurement and Quantification
4.2 Inductive and Statistical Inference
4.2.1 Logical Probability and Bayesian Inference
4.2.2 Frequentist Inference
4.2.3 Likelihood-Based Inference
5. Issues in the Special Sciences
5.1 Max Weber and Objectivity in the Social Sciences
5.2 Contemporary Rational Choice Theory
5.3 Evidence-based Medicine and Social Policy
6. Instrumentalism to the Rescue?
7. Conclusions
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1. Introduction: Product and Process Objectivity
Objectivity is a value. To call a thing objective implies that it has a certain importance to us and that we approve of it. Objectivity comes in degrees. Claims, methods and results can be more or less objective, and, other things being equal, the more objective, the better.