Question

Variability in estimation due to unknown/uncontrollable causes
a) Chance
b) Bias
c) Confounding
d) Effect Modification

Answer 1

Answer:

Effect Modification

Explanation:

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Answer 2

Answer:

d) Effect Modification

Explanation:

Observational studies are highly vulnerable to the effects of risk, bias, and confounding, and these components must be considered at both the design and analytic levels of an epidemiological study in order to minimise their repercussions.

Bias

Bias is defined as any systematic error in an epidemiological study that results in an incorrect estimate of the true effect of a publicity on the outcome of a hobby. Bias results from systematic errors within the research method.

Depending on the direction of the systematic errors, the result of bias may be an estimate that is either above or below the true fee.

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