verification of the laws of refration in observation table
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a Stick card to the flat face of the semicircular block, so that only a vertical slit is exposed at the middle of the flat face.
Photo courtesy of Mike Vetterlein
b Place the block on the sheet of paper and direct a ray streak onto the slit. Observe the ray tracks and measure the angles. Change the angle with which the ray strikes the flat face, and record the angles of incidence and refraction again. Repeat the process as often as required.
Photo courtesy of Mike Vetterlein
c Values of sin i/sin r can be calculated for each pair of readings, or a graph plotted of sin iagainst sin r and the gradient measured to give the refractive index.
d Students may also direct the ray in through the curved face to observe refraction and total internal reflection.
Photo courtesy of Mike Vetterlein
b Place the block on the sheet of paper and direct a ray streak onto the slit. Observe the ray tracks and measure the angles. Change the angle with which the ray strikes the flat face, and record the angles of incidence and refraction again. Repeat the process as often as required.
Photo courtesy of Mike Vetterlein
c Values of sin i/sin r can be calculated for each pair of readings, or a graph plotted of sin iagainst sin r and the gradient measured to give the refractive index.
d Students may also direct the ray in through the curved face to observe refraction and total internal reflection.
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laws of reflection using a plane mirror.
Principle : When a ray of light is incident on a reflecting surface, it changes its direction of motion and travels in the original medium following certain laws. This phenomenon is called reflection of light.
Apparatus : Drawing board, a drawing paper (White), a plane mirror, a foot-rule, a pencil, four pins, four push pins, a protactor, a stand for the plane mirror.
Apparatus : Drawing board, a drawing paper (White), a plane mirror, a foot-rule, a pencil, four pins, four push pins, a protactor, a stand for the plane mirror.
Reflection of Plain mirror Practical Reflection of Plain mirror Reflection of Plain mirror Reflection of Plain mirror Reflection of Plain mirror
Ø First of all fix the white drawing paper on the drawing board using push pins.
Ø First of all fix the white drawing paper on the drawing board using push pins. Place the plane mirror along with its stand and fix its position AB.
Ø Now draw a line PQ which passes through the mid-point ‘P’ of AB and perpendicular to AB.
Ø Now draw a line PQ which passes through the mid-point ‘P’ of AB and perpendicular to AB.
Ø PQ is called the normal to AB.
Ø Draw a ray RP which makes some angle with the normal (PQ).
Ø Draw a ray RP which makes some angle with the normal (PQ). On the ray RP fix two pins P1 and P2 vertically with 2-3 cm separation between them. Ray RP is incident ray.
Ø Now from the other side of PQ , (in which incident ray is not there) see the images of pins P1 and P2 fix other two pins P3and P4 vertically so that pins P3, P4 and images P1 and P2 appears collinear at their lower ends.
Ø Now remove the pins and the mirror. Join the marks of P3 andP4 and obtain the reflected ray PS.
Ø Repeat the experiment for different angles of incidence. Measure angle of incidence and angle of reflection. Note your reading in the observations table.
Principle : When a ray of light is incident on a reflecting surface, it changes its direction of motion and travels in the original medium following certain laws. This phenomenon is called reflection of light.
Apparatus : Drawing board, a drawing paper (White), a plane mirror, a foot-rule, a pencil, four pins, four push pins, a protactor, a stand for the plane mirror.
Apparatus : Drawing board, a drawing paper (White), a plane mirror, a foot-rule, a pencil, four pins, four push pins, a protactor, a stand for the plane mirror.
Reflection of Plain mirror Practical Reflection of Plain mirror Reflection of Plain mirror Reflection of Plain mirror Reflection of Plain mirror
Ø First of all fix the white drawing paper on the drawing board using push pins.
Ø First of all fix the white drawing paper on the drawing board using push pins. Place the plane mirror along with its stand and fix its position AB.
Ø Now draw a line PQ which passes through the mid-point ‘P’ of AB and perpendicular to AB.
Ø Now draw a line PQ which passes through the mid-point ‘P’ of AB and perpendicular to AB.
Ø PQ is called the normal to AB.
Ø Draw a ray RP which makes some angle with the normal (PQ).
Ø Draw a ray RP which makes some angle with the normal (PQ). On the ray RP fix two pins P1 and P2 vertically with 2-3 cm separation between them. Ray RP is incident ray.
Ø Now from the other side of PQ , (in which incident ray is not there) see the images of pins P1 and P2 fix other two pins P3and P4 vertically so that pins P3, P4 and images P1 and P2 appears collinear at their lower ends.
Ø Now remove the pins and the mirror. Join the marks of P3 andP4 and obtain the reflected ray PS.
Ø Repeat the experiment for different angles of incidence. Measure angle of incidence and angle of reflection. Note your reading in the observations table.
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