vii) Who had thrown a snowball at Amy?
viii) Who called Jerry a coward?
Answers
Answer:
Idiom: a group of words that means something
different than the individual words it contains
As with any language, American English is full
of idioms, especially when spoken. Idioms
add color and texture to language by creating
images that convey meanings beyond those of
the individual words that make them up. Idioms
are culturally bound, providing insight into the
history, culture, and outlook of their users. This
is because most idioms have developed over
time from practices, beliefs, and other aspects
of different cultures. As a culture changes, the
words used to describe it also change: some
idioms fall out of use and others develop to
replace them. With idioms in particular, the beliefs
or practices leading to their use may disappear while
the idiom itself continues to be used. Idioms can be
so overused that they become clichés; or they can
become slang or jargon, expressions used mainly by
specific groups or professions.
Idioms can be complimentary or insulting. They can
express a wide range of emotions from excitement
to depression, love to hate, heroism to cowardice,
and anything in between. Idioms are also used to
express a sense of time, place, or size. The range of
uses for idioms is complex and widespread.
The complexity of idioms is what makes them
so difficult for non-native speakers to learn.
However, this complexity is also what can make
idioms so interesting to study and learn; they
are rarely boring. Learning about idioms, in this
case those used in the United States, provides a
way to learn not only the language, but a little
about the people who use it.
In the Loop is a collection of common idioms
updated and compiled from two previous books of
idioms published by the Office of English Language
Programs: Illustrated American Idioms by Dean
Curry and Something to Crow About by Shelley Vance
Laflin. In the Loop combines the popular aspects of
the previous books, while also updating the content
by including idioms that have come into use more
recently and eliminating those that are rarely used.
When available, background information is included
about the origins of the idioms. Additionally, In the
Loop includes categories of commonly used idioms
and suggestions to the teacher to aid in developing
classroom exercises for learning the meanings and
uses of idioms. In essence, this book is intended to
be both a teaching tool and a reference.
Organization of this Book. In the Loop is divided
into three parts: Part 1, “Idioms and Definitions”;
Part 2, “Selected Idioms by Category”; and Part
3, “Classroom Activities.” The idioms are listed
alphabetically in Part 1. Part 2 highlights some
of the most commonly used idioms, grouped into
categories. Part 3 contains classroom suggestions
to help teachers plan appropriate exercises for
their students. There is also a complete index at
the back of the book listing page numbers for both
main entries and cross-references for each idiom.
How to Locate an Idiom. In Part 1, “Idioms and
Definitions,” idioms are listed alphabetically by
first word. The only first words not used to place
the idioms in order are articles (a, the, some) and
pronouns and possessives (someone, one). Instead,
these are placed at the end of the idiom, separated
by a comma.