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Delhi has had the distinction of being one of the most polluted cities in the world, especially in the winter months from October—January. These months coincide with the religious festival of Diwali. It is argued that air quality gets worse in the aftermath of Diwali on account of firecrackers that get burned during the festival. We use hourly data on PM 2.5 particulate concentration from 2013 to 2017 to estimate the Diwali effect on air quality in Delhi. We improve on existing work by using the event study technique as well as a difference-in-difference regression framework to estimate the Diwali effect on air quality. The results suggest that Diwali leads to a small, but statistically significant increase in air pollution. The effect is different across locations within Delhi. To our knowledge, this is the first causal estimate of the contribution of Diwali firecracker burning to air pollution.
Citation: Ghei D, Sane R (2018) Estimates of air pollution in Delhi from the burning of firecrackers during the festival of Diwali. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0200371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200371
Editor: Krishna Prasad Vadrevu, University of Maryland at College Park, UNITED STATES
Received: February 4, 2018; Accepted: June 25, 2018; Published: August 13, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Ghei, Sane. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All data are available from the Central Pollution Control Board, India. See: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In 2014, Delhi became the most polluted city in the world [1, 2]. Since then it has continued to be in the list of the world’s most polluted cities [3]. Air pollution is worse in the winter months (October—January) as particles remain suspended in the air for longer duration of time due to the lower temperature, wind speed as well as higher relative humidity. In early November, farmers in the neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana burn the stubble from the previous harvest to prepare land for the next sowing season, and the smoke is carried to Delhi contributing to the smog [4].
These winter months coincide with a very important religious festival in India, namely, Diwali. It is argued that air quality gets worse in the aftermath of Diwali, on account of firecrackers that get burned during the festival. The link between firecracker burning and air pollution has been established in other regions (for example, [5]). This has resulted in calls for banning the sale of firecrackers, and in 2017, the Supreme Court of India did order such a ban.
The question of how much does air pollution increase because of firecracker burning is an important one, because measures such as the ban on the sale of firecrackers impose significant costs in the form of reduced livelihoods of people in the trade.
Existing research on the impact of Diwali on air quality in India has focused on measuring the concentration of pollutants in the air around Diwali [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. For example, [8] found Diwali day 24 hour average concentrations, in Lucknow, to be 2.49 and 5.67 times higher when compared with the concentration of pre-Diwali and normal day respectively. In addition, they found SO2 concentrations to be 1.95 and 6.59 times higher compared to the concentration of pre-Diwali and normal days. [7] investigated metal concentrations and found that significant amounts of metals released in air contributed to heavy air pollution on Diwali. More recently [15] analyse PM 10 loads and chemical compounds a few days prior, during and post Diwali and find that firework emissions significantly affect air quality.
However, it is possible that the b
Citation: Ghei D, Sane R (2018) Estimates of air pollution in Delhi from the burning of firecrackers during the festival of Diwali. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0200371. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200371
Editor: Krishna Prasad Vadrevu, University of Maryland at College Park, UNITED STATES
Received: February 4, 2018; Accepted: June 25, 2018; Published: August 13, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Ghei, Sane. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All data are available from the Central Pollution Control Board, India. See: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/.
Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In 2014, Delhi became the most polluted city in the world [1, 2]. Since then it has continued to be in the list of the world’s most polluted cities [3]. Air pollution is worse in the winter months (October—January) as particles remain suspended in the air for longer duration of time due to the lower temperature, wind speed as well as higher relative humidity. In early November, farmers in the neighbouring states of Punjab and Haryana burn the stubble from the previous harvest to prepare land for the next sowing season, and the smoke is carried to Delhi contributing to the smog [4].
These winter months coincide with a very important religious festival in India, namely, Diwali. It is argued that air quality gets worse in the aftermath of Diwali, on account of firecrackers that get burned during the festival. The link between firecracker burning and air pollution has been established in other regions (for example, [5]). This has resulted in calls for banning the sale of firecrackers, and in 2017, the Supreme Court of India did order such a ban.
The question of how much does air pollution increase because of firecracker burning is an important one, because measures such as the ban on the sale of firecrackers impose significant costs in the form of reduced livelihoods of people in the trade.
Existing research on the impact of Diwali on air quality in India has focused on measuring the concentration of pollutants in the air around Diwali [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14]. For example, [8] found Diwali day 24 hour average concentrations, in Lucknow, to be 2.49 and 5.67 times higher when compared with the concentration of pre-Diwali and normal day respectively. In addition, they found SO2 concentrations to be 1.95 and 6.59 times higher compared to the concentration of pre-Diwali and normal days. [7] investigated metal concentrations and found that significant amounts of metals released in air contributed to heavy air pollution on Diwali. More recently [15] analyse PM 10 loads and chemical compounds a few days prior, during and post Diwali and find that firework emissions significantly affect air quality.
However, it is possible that the b
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