Water at the Antarctica usually exits as ice, making it very difficult to use the water or conduct experiment requiring the water to be in liquid state. A coffee addicted physicist stationed at a research base requires about 0.8 kg of ice for his coffee on the hour. a. How much heat is required to convert 0.8 kg of ice at —35 °C into steam at 100°C? [5] b. Plot the temperature – energy graph for the processes in (a). [5] c. The surface tension of water was determined in a laboratory by using the drop weight method. 100 drops were released from a burette the inner diameter of whose opening is 1.8 mm. The mass of the droplets was 3.78 g. i. Determine the surface tension of the water and, comparing it with the tabulated value, [6] ii. Calculate the relative error of the measurements.
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Answer:
--McMurdo, the operational hub and logistics center for U.S. operations, is located on a barren area of Ross Island in the southwest corner of the Ross Sea, population 235 to about 1,000. The station has more than 80 buildings, including the modern Albert P. Crary Science and Engineering Center for research in biology, Earth science, meteorology, upper atmosphere science and other disciplines.
--Amundsen-Scott South Pole, built on the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the continental interior at the geographic South Pole, it has a population of more than 200 in the summer. Research foci include astronomy, upper atmosphere science, meteorology and glaciology. The station, which is supplied entirely by McMurdo, 729 nautical miles to the north, just finished major modernization.
USAP employs many people in supporting roles to assist researchers and help maintain daily operations at the stations, on research vessels, and in remote field camps established for glaciologists, Earth scientists, biologists and others. These people provide the operational support required to build and maintain a small community.
Support personnel usually come during the austral summer, the period of extensive sunlight and comparative warmth that lasts roughly from October to February. The average summer temperature is around 36 degrees Fahrenheit, though temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula may go as high as 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
These individuals are among the 3,500 Americans that will enter and leave Antarctica under the management of USAP over the course of the summer. USAP peak population at any given moment during the summer will be about 1,600 on land and 300 onboard the research vessels in surrounding waters. Most will leave at the end of the summer, but a small number will either stay or be replaced by others who will winter over to maintain the facilities and service scientific instruments so they will be ready for the following research season. The average winter population at McMurdo for example, is about 160. Wintering personnel usually stay for 8 to 10 months, from approximately January to October. The subzero temperatures (the coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was here -- minus 70 degrees Fahrenheit), high winds and darkness of the long polar winter make travel nearly impossible. Except for a few flights, called "Winfly," in August, the winter staff are isolated until October.
The average work week at the U.S. facilities lasts six to seven days because schedules are often hard to keep due to unpredictable weather and difficulties associated with transportation and communication. Housing for most participants is dormitory-style rooms with roommates and shared bathroom facilities. Personnel supporting remote field camps spend significant time in the field.
Each research station is a small community with basic amenities like a general store that stocks personal articles and souvenirs, a firehouse and a church. And while the work is grueling, there is some after-hours recreation and entertainment, including safe hiking and cross-country skiing routes, crafts, a music room with a full selection of instruments, sports, exercise equipment, libraries, movies, a coffee house, a computer room with internet access, educational classes and science lectures. McMurdo Station even has the distinction of having one of a few remaining manually set bowling alleys in the world, circa 1961. Activities like Superbowl and holiday parties and Thanksgiving dinner help boost morale and make participants feel more at home.
Credit: Kris Kuenning, NSF
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