water security cultural heritage of water wisdom.
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A recent report by Shailendra Yashwant for Oxfam India looks at India’s ingenious ways of harvesting, storing and distributing water from the Kuhls in Himachal Pradesh that channel water from Himalayan glaciers, and the Dongs of Assam to the Aghers in Arunachal Pradesh, the Pynes of Bihar. India has traditionally built Bandhs of all sizes and varieties that channel water from its rivers, monsoon runoff and nearby hills and elevated areas.
Kuhl near Langza, Spiti, Himachal Pradesh – Kuhls are water channels found in precipitous mountain areas. These channels carry water from glaciers to villages in the Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh. Some of them are over 10 kms long and have existed for centuries. (Image: Shailendra Yashwant, Oxfam India)
Kuhl near Langza, Spiti, Himachal Pradesh – Kuhls are water channels found in precipitous mountain areas. These channels carry water from glaciers to villages in the Spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh. Some of them are over 10 kms long and have existed for centuries. (Image: Shailendra Yashwant, Oxfam India)
Between sowing in April and harvesting in September, water is available for approximately 70 days. All available and accessible patches of lands along various snow streams and rivers are cultivated. Barley fields near potatoes and green peas are sown in May, and the crop is harvested at the end of August.
In the lower valleys of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, besides irrigating the fields, Kuhls carry water to run the flour mills, known as gharaats. Villagers use homemade wooden wheels as turbines to run the mills.
Aji of Arunachal Pradesh
Ziro Valley, inhabited by the Apatani tribe, lies tucked in the lower ranges of the eastern Himalayas at a height of 5600 feet in Arunachal Pradesh. The Apatani, also known as the Tanni people, practice a centuries-old method of water harvesting for irrigating their highly efficient rice-fish culture fields, called Aji.
Apatanis tap the small streams and springs from the hills around the valley and divert the flow of the water to their fields by making temporary bunds (Aghers), which act as barriers and provide storage.
Multidirectional channels (Siikho/Parkho/Hehte] are made out of the main channel to provide water through an intricate web of contour dams that divide the plots along the gentle gradient of the valley. Bamboo matting supports the bases of the bunds, and all plots have inlets and outlets made of bamboo to control the flow of the water.
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TechnologyWells and Step-wellsLakes, Ponds and WetlandsRainwater HarvestingAgricultureIrrigationClimate and WeatherFisheriesGovernanceVoluntary Citizen or Civil Society SectorRural WaterSociety, Culture, Religion and HistoryEquityConflictsWater Management
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