Weite a short note on the language policy of india class10
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Answer:
coined by G. W. Leitner in the late 19th century, derived from the Greek and Latin term Daradae, which is itself derived from the Sanskrit term for the people of the region, Daradas. These terms are not in current use in the region.[7] In Vedic records, Daradas is identified to be the Gilgit region, in the Gilgit-Baltistan region (part of ancient Baloristan[8][9]) along the river Sindhu(Indus).
George Abraham Grierson (1919), with scant data, postulated a family of "Dardic languages", which he characterised as an independent branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, separate from the Iranian and Indo-Aryan branches. His Dardic language family had three subfamilies, "Kafiri" (now called Nuristani), "Central" and "Dard" languages. Grierson's view is now considered obsolete and incorrect in its details. However, it continues to be often cited in works of reference.[10]
Georg Morgenstierne (1961), after a "lifetime of study," came to the view that only the "Kafiri" (Nuristani) languages formed an independent branch of the Indo-Iranian languages separate from Indo-Aryan and Iranian families. He found the Dard languages to be Indo-Aryan.[11]
Dardic languages contain absolutely no features which cannot be derived from old [Indo-Aryan language]. They have simply retained a number of striking archasisms, which had already disappeared in most Prakrit dialects... There is not a single common feature distinguishing Dardic, as a whole, from the rest of the [Indo-Aryan] languages... Dardic is simply a convenient term to denote a bundle of aberrant [Indo-Aryan] hill-languages which, in their relative isolation, accented in many cases by the invasion of Pathan tribes, have been in varying degrees sheltered against the expand influence of [Indo-Aryan] Midland (Madhyadesha) innovations, being left free to develop on their own.[12]
This is the scheme generally accepted by recent scholarship.[13] The "Midland languages", such as Punjabi and Hindustani, are spoken in the plains whereas the Dardic languages are spoken in the mountains. The essential difference is between the plains languages and the mountain languages.[14]
The grouping is acknowledged to be to some extent geographical rather than linguistic.[4] Buddruss rejected the Dardic grouping entirely, and placed the languages within Central Indo-Aryan.[15]
The case of Kashmiri is peculiar. Its Dardic features are close to Shina, often said to belong to an eastern Dardic language subfamily. "The Kashmiri language used by Kashmiri Hindu Pandits has been powerfully influenced by Indian culture and literature and the greater part of its vocabulary is now of Indian origin and is allied to that of Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages of northern India".[14]
According to a model proposed by Asko Parpola, the Dardic languages are directly descended from the Rigvedic dialect of Vedic Sanskrit.[16]
While it is true that many Dardic languages have been influenced by non-Dardic neighbors, Dardic may in turn also have left a discernible imprint on non-Dardic Indo-Aryan languages, such as Punjabi[17] and allegedly even far beyond.[18][19] It has also been asserted that some Central Pahari languages of Uttarakhand demonstrate Dardic influence.[17][20] Although it has not been conclusively established, some linguists have hypothesized that Dardic may, in ancient times, have enjoyed a much bigger linguistic zone, stretching from the mouth of the Indus (in Sindh) northwards in an arc, and then eastwards through modern day Himachal Pradesh to Kumaon.[21][22][23]
Subdivisions
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Dardic languages have been organized into the following subfamilies:[24]
Kashmiri/Koshur (Standard Kashmiri/Kashur, Kashtawari/Kishtwari, Poguli, Rambani)
Shina languages: Brokskad (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh), Domaaki, Kundal Shahi, Shina, Ushojo, and Kalkoti, Palula, Savi
Chitral languages: Kalasha and Khowar
Kohistani languages: Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Kalami, Maiya (Indus Kohistani), Tirahi, Torwali, and Wotapuri-Katarqalai
Pashayi
Kunar languages: Dameli, Gawar-Bati, Nangalami (includes Grangali), and Shumashti
In other classifications, Pashai may be included within Kunar, and Kashmiri within Shina. Khetrani may be a remnant Dardic language in the Siraiki region.
The term Kohistani is popularly used to refer to several distinct languages in the mountain areas of Northern Pakistan, including Maiya, Kalami, and Torwali. It can be translated as 'mountain language'.
Recording about the Torwals, a non-