What adverse effect formed on immune system by the infection of HIV
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Answer:
Infection with HIV is particularly troublesome for the immune system because it infects and destroys immune system cells called T helper lymphocytes or CD4+ T cells. Untreated, the disease progresses over a few years to AIDS, leading to eventual death for most people.
Answer:
HIV disease and alcohol independently influence the human immune system, so it stands to reason that, together, their influence may be additive. Here, we review the evidence that alcohol can exacerbate HIV’s influence on the immune system, thereby affecting disease progression and transmission. We focus particularly on alcohol’s effect on the mucosal immune system in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, the genital tract and the lungs, all of which play a role in transmission and progression of HIV disease.
Keywords: Alcohol consumption, alcohol use disorder, immune system, immune function, HIV, HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), immune response, mucosal immune system, gastrointestinal tract, genital tract, lungs, CD4+ T cells, antiretroviral therapy
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and HIV infection both affect the immune system and frequently coexist in the same person, potentially multiplying the risk of infectious disease. Infectious disease, in turn, continues to be a major health concern and leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite major advances in our understanding of the immune system, improvements in sanitation practices, and use of antibiotics, vaccines, and antiviral drugs.
Infection with HIV is particularly troublesome for the immune system because it infects and destroys immune system cells called T helper lymphocytes or CD4+ T cells. Untreated, the disease progresses over a few years to AIDS, leading to eventual death for most people. The disease is transmitted from infected to uninfected people through biological fluids containing the virus, most commonly through sexual contact but also through contaminated needles and other means. Since its discovery in the early 1980s, HIV infection has become a pandemic, causing an estimated 36 million deaths. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012, of the 35 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), 2.3 million were newly infected and 1.6 million died of AIDS-related causes despite increased availability of effective antiretroviral therapy
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