What all contributions did Aryabhata make? How did he glorify the scientific history of India?
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Aryabhatta, also called Aryabhatta I was born possibly around 476 C.E. around the regions of the Godavari river. Aryabhatta was one of the earliest Indian mathematicians and astronomers whose pioneering work in these fields is still referenced by many modern scholars.The work in Aryabhatiya is so extensive and detailed that it was years ahead of any work of the time. With so much wisdom compiled in one single book, let’s have an insight into the book and how its composer created it.
Aryabhatta was only 23 when he composed the Aryabhatiya. Before the book, there were Vedic scriptures which detailed mathematical relationships in geometrical shapes for the construction of altars and temples.
There were also other Jain mathematicians whose work also contributed to mathematics. But what makes Aryabhatiya so different is the way it was written.
The entire script was written in Sanskrit and hence reads like a poetic verse rather than a practical manual. There are exactly 123 stanzas in the book and without a tutor, the book would seem ambiguous.
The book is divided into four sections– Gitikapada, Ganitapada, Kalakriyapada and the Golapada, each covering various fields.
Gitikapada dealt with time, especially large units of time. Ganitapada covered mathematics of measurement, arithmetic and geometric progressions.
Kalakriyapada told how one could determine the positions of the planet for any given day and finally, Golapada dealt with the earth’s shape and its celestial presence.At the time, word numerals were only used to denote numbers. These are like the Roman numerals with words to describe the number. But Aryabhatiya is the oldest book ever to use alphabetic numerals.
That means Aryabhatta used letters of the alphabet to form number-words, with consonants giving digits and vowels denoting place value of those digits. This allowed him to do complex calculations of large numbers and even execute divisions.
Talking about numerals, Aryabhatta was known to develop the zero. But in this book, he never uses the digit. In fact, Aryabhatta did not invent the zero but came up with the concept of zero.
Zero, meaning nil, is both a number and a concept. Although Aryabhatta never used zero numerically, he did use a placeholder for the power of tens. This is implicit that zero was a concept that Aryabhatta was well aware of.
In Aryabhatta’s time, the common notion was that the earth was the centre of the universe and everything revolved around it. This is called the geocentric model.
But in Aryabhatiya, the astronomical observations by the mathematician is ingenious. He describes the heliocentric model, where the earth revolves around the sun, 1,000 years before Copernicus proposed his theory in 1543.
This proposal by Aryabhatta was so controversial at the time that there were books by other mathematicians trying to rebuke his theory. All in vain, we suppose.
What was aryabhatta contribution to science?
⭕Aryabhata was a famous Indian mathematician and astronomer. His notable contributions to the world of science and mathematics includes the theory that the earth rotates on its axis, explanations of the solar and lunar eclipses, solving of quadratic equations, place value system with zero, and approximation of pie (π).
His contribution to the astronomy
The astronomical calculations and deductions suggested by Aryabhatta are extraordinary by the fact that he didn’t have any modern equipment or instrument to do it. He had a very sharp brain and his dedication and hard work led him to solve the various mysteries of the solar system. He also deduced that the earth is round in shape and rotates along its own axis, which forms the existence of day and night. Many superstitious beliefs were challenged by him and he presented scientific reasons to prove them wrong. He also said that the moon has no light and shines because it reflects light from the sun. He also proved wrong the false belief that eclipse is caused because of the shadows formed by the shadows cast by the earth and the moon. Aryabhatta used epicycles in a similar manner to the Greek Philosopher Ptolemy to illustrate the inconsistent movement of some planets. This great astronomer wrote the famous treatise Aryabhatiya, which was based on astronomy in 499 AD. This treatise was acknowledged as a masterpiece. In honour of this excellent work Aryabhatta was made head of the Nalanda University by the Gupta ruler Buddhagupta.
Contribution in the approximation of pi
Aryabhatta is among the mathematicians who brought new deductions and theories in mathematics and astronomy. His contribution to the mathematics is unmatched and cannot be ignored, as he was the one who deduced the approximate value of pi, which he found it to be 3.14. He also derived the correct formulas for calculating the areas of triangles and circles. He also played a very important role in the formation of the table of Sines
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