Question

what are chemical effects ?


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Answer 1

Answer:

Chemical effects may originate from either the sample solution or the flame and represent the major type of interference in flame-AAS. The mechanisms behind chemical interferences can be split into two types. The first of these is where the atomization of the analyte is not complete through occlusion into refractory compounds. Stable compound formation of this type will cause a depression of the signal through physical entrapment of small amounts of analyte in clotlets of matrix oxide in the flame. In premixed laminar flames the volatilization of solid particles begins as soon as they enter the primary reaction zone. The time this process takes is dependent on the size of the particle and so the occurrence of such interferences will depend critically on the observation height in the flame. In the second type, the analyte atoms may react with other atoms or radicals, leading to the formation of less volatile (or, occasionally, more volatile) compounds. The best-known example of this type of interference is that of phosphate on calcium, although sulfate and silicate have similar effects. The interference manifests itself as a pronounced ‘knee’ in plots of increasing phosphate concentration against calcium signal. The constant level of interference following the ‘knee’ suggests formation of a compound that is less volatile than calcium chloride (probably calcium phosphate), which restricts the formation of calcium atoms. There are many other examples of this type of interference, all showing this pronounced ‘knee’, which distinguishes them from nonspecific occlusions.

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Answer 2

Answer:

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.[1] Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.