What are Common Sources Of Voltage ?????
Answers
Explanation:
In a piece of copper wire, the electrons are in random motion with no direction. To produce a current flow, the electrons must all move in the same direction. To produce motion in a given direction, energy must be imparted to the electrons in the copper wire. This energy comes from a source connected to the wire.
The force that causes the electrons to move in a common direction is referred to as difference of potential, or voltage. This chapter examines how voltage is produced.
Voltage Sources
A current is produced when an electron is forced from its orbit around an atom. Any form of energy that dislodges electrons from atoms can be used to produce current. It is important to note that energy is not created; rather, there is simply a transfer of energy from one form to another. The source supplying the voltage is not simply a source of electrical energy. Instead, it is the means of converting some other form of energy into electrical energy. The six most common voltage sources are friction, magnetism, chemicals, light, heat, and pressure.
Friction is the oldest known method of producing electricity. A glass rod can become charged when rubbed with a piece of fur or silk. This is similar to the charge you can generate by scuffing your feet across a carpet in a dry room. A Van de graaf generator is a device that operates using the same principles as the glass rod and is capable of producing millions of volts (Figure 12-1).
Magnetism is the most common method of producing electrical energy today. If a wire is passed through a magnetic field, voltage is produced as long as there is motion between the magnetic field and the conductor. A device based on this principle is called a generator (Figure 12-2). A generator can produce either direct current or alternating current, depending on how it is wired. When electrons flow in only one direction, the current is called direct current (Dc). When electrons flow in one direction and then in the opposite direction, the current is called alternating current (ac). A generator may be powered by steam from nuclear power or coal, water, wind, or gasoline or diesel engines. The schematic symbol for a DC genera- tor and an AC generator is shown in Figure 12-3. The second most common method of producing electrical energy today is by the use of a chemical cell. The cell
introduction to basic electricity and electronics technology-0075
introduction to basic electricity and electronics technology-0076
establish contact with the electrolyte (the salt, acid, or alkaline solution) and the circuit. The electrolyte pulls the free electrons from the copper electrode, leaving it with a positive charge. The zinc electrode attracts free electrons in the electrolyte and thus acquires a negative charge. Several of these cells can be connected together to form a battery. Figure 12-4 shows the schematic symbol for a cell and battery. Many types of cells and batteries are in use today (Figure 12-5).
introduction to basic electricity and electronics technology-0077
Light energy can be converted directly to electrical energy by light striking a photosensitive (light-sensitive) substance in a photovoltaic cell (solar cell) (Figure 12-6). A solar cell consists of photosensitive materials mounted between metal contacts. When the surface of the photosensitive material is exposed to light, it dislodges electrons from their orbits around the surface atoms of the material. This occurs because light has energy. A single cell can produce a small voltage. Figure 12-7 shows the schematic symbol for a solar cell. Many cells must be linked together to produce a usable volt- age and current. Solar cells are used primarily in satellites and cameras. The high cost of construction has limited their general application. However, the price of solar cells is coming down.
Heat can be converted directly to electricity with a device called a thermocouple (Figure 12-8). The schematic symbol for a thermocouple is shown in Figure 12-9. A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metal wires twisted together. One wire is copper and the other wire is zinc or iron. When heat is applied to the twisted connection, the copper wire readily gives up free electrons, which are transferred to the other wire. Thus the copper wire develops a positive charge and the other wire develops a negative charge, and a
introduction to basic electricity and electronics technology-0078
introduction to basic electricity and electronics technology-0079
small voltage occurs. The voltage is directly proportional to the amount of heat applied. One application of the thermocouple is as a thermometer. Also called a pyrometer, these devices are often used in high-tem- perature kilns and foundries.
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Answer:
DC Generators, AC generators, such those in power plants, are most frequently used to create voltage. A utility provider is providing voltage in this instance via the electrical grid (mains electricity).
Batteries One of the most popular types of power comes from batteries.
a solar cell Photovoltaic (PV) cells used in solar power systems are also capable of generating voltage.
When an electron is propelled out of its orbital path around an atom, a current is created. Current may be generated by any energy source that can eject electrons from atoms. It is crucial to understand that energy is not generated, but transferred from one form to another. The source producing the voltage is more than just an energy source for electricity. It is instead a method for transforming another sort of energy into electrical energy. Friction, magnetism, chemicals, light, heat, pressure, and chemicals make up the six most frequent voltage source
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