what are essential elements required to be in a politcal party
Answers
General topics related to the design of electoral systems, to the design of electoral authorities, and to the management of electoral processes;
Material activities related to the electoral process’ development including boundary delimitation, voter registration, voting operations and vote counting;
The entities and individuals that contest elections as candidates and political parties;
Related topics which are not essential to develop an electoral legal framework, but are closely related to electoral processes including voter and civic education, the role of observers and the media and elections;
Political financing topics including the funding of political parties and candidates, restrictions on contributions and expenditures and disclosure;
A fundamental topic related to electoral litigation and the resolution of electoral disputes. Such a system is fundamental because it provides the election’s results with legitimacy in a definitive way.
The Meaning of Party Political Party
A “team of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election” Parties can be thought of in three parts: Party in the electorate Party as an organization Party in government
The Meaning of Party Tasks of the Parties
Linkage Institution: the channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the government’s policy agenda Parties Pick Candidates Parties Run Campaigns Parties Give Cues to Voters Parties Articulate Policies Parties Coordinate Policy making
The Meaning of Party Parties, Voters, and Policy: The Downs Model
Rational-choice theory Assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives Downs Model Voters maximize chances that policies they favor are adopted by government. Parties want to win elected office.
The Party in the Electorate
Party image: a voter’s perception of what Republicans or Democrats stand for Party identification: a citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other Republican, Democrat, or Independent Ticket-splitting: voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices Independents are most likely to split tickets. No state or race is completely safe due to split tickets.
The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington
These are the people that work for the party. Local Parties Party Machines: a type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements to win votes and to govern Patronage: a job, promotion or contract given for political reasons rather than merit; used by party machines Due to progressive reforms, urban party organizations are generally weak. Revitalization of party organization at county level
The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington
The 50 State Party Systems Closed primaries: Only people who have registered with the party can vote for that party’s candidates. Open primaries: Voters decide on Election Day whether they want to vote in the Democrat or Republican primary. Blanket primaries: Voters are presented with a list of candidates from all parties. State parties are better organized in terms of headquarters and budgets than they used to be.
The Party Organizations: From the Grass Roots to Washington
The National Party Organizations National Convention: the meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and the party’s platform National Committee: one of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions National Chairperson: responsible for day-to-day activities of the party
The Party in Government: Promises and Policy
Party members actually elected to government Which party controls government has policy consequences. Coalition: a group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends Parties and politicians generally act on their campaign promises.
Party Eras in American History
Historical periods in which a majority of votes cling to the party in power Critical Election An electoral “earthquake” where new issues and new coalitions emerge Party Realignment The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election
Party Eras in American History
The First Party System Madison warned of “factions” Federalists: first political party : Jackson and the Democrats Versus the Whigs Modern party founded by Jackson Whigs formed mainly to oppose Jacksonian Democrats
Party Eras in American History
1968-Present: The Era of Divided Party Government Divided government: one party controls Congress and the other controls White House Divided government due in party to: Party dealignment: disengagement of people from parties as evidenced by shrinking party identification Party neutrality: people are indifferent towards the two parties
Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics
Multiparty Systems in Other Countries Winner-take-all system: legislative seats awarded only to first place finishers Proportional Representation: legislative seats awarded based on votes received by the party - more votes, more seats Coalition Government: two or more parties join to form a majority in a national legislature
Understanding Political Parties
Parties are essential elements of democracy Democracy and Responsible Party Government Responsible Party Model 1. Parties have distinct comprehensive programs. 2. Candidates are committed to the program. 3. The majority party must carry out its program. 4. The majority party must accept responsibility. American political parties fall short of these conditions. No mechanism for party discipline
Understanding Political Parties
American Political Parties and the Scope of Government Lack of uniformity keeps government small Big programs like Health Care (1994) fail But also makes cutting government programs difficult Individuals focus on getting more from government for their own constituents