what are flame cells?
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A flame cell is a specialized excretorycell found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms (except the turbellarian order Acoela), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials.
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Flame cells (protonephridia) are the part of excretory system of platyhelminthes ( flat worms) and help in excretion and osmoregulation. These are irregular shaped and send out pseudopodial processes in to the surrounding tissues. Each flame cell has a intracellular cavity in which a tuft of long cilia is present. In living cells cilia vibrates and appear like a flame hence these are named as flame cells.
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