Question

What are holoenzymes and explain?

Answer 1

$<i><b>$
Enzymes work efficiently in association with various factors which enhances it's activity. These factors may be;

Cofactors which are small non-protein inorganic molecule that carries out chemical reactions that cannot be performed by the standard 20 amino acids. Examples of cofactors include metal ions like iron and zinc.

Coenzymes which are organic molecules that are nonproteins and mostly derivatives of vitamins soluble in water by phosphorylation. Example of coenzyme include thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), biotin

Apoenzyme is an inactive form of enzyme lacking the association of coenzyme and/or cofactors. Activation of the enzyme occurs upon binding of an organic or inorganic cofactor.

Holoenzyme is a complete and catalytically active form of enzyme. An apoenzyme together with its cofactor is holoenzyme. Most cofactors are not covalently bound but instead are tightly bound. However, organic prosthetic groups such as an iron ion or a vitamin can be covalently bound. Examples of holoenzymes include DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase which contain multiple protein subunits .